... the U.S. government offered $ 72 billion in incentives for oil, gas, and
coal producers between 2002 and 2008.
Not exact matches
However, in the case of
coal, major increases in export capacity will require better coordination
between producers, infrastructure operators and governments, especially in respect of the financing and pricing of new transport infrastructure.
In other cases, the story is more nuanced: For example, oil and gas extraction firms benefit, while the
producers of petroleum and
coal products lose, echoing the tension
between refiners and oil - shale
producers.
However, CAPP spot prices, both for rail and barge, are frequently referenced in
coal contracts
between coal suppliers and electric power
producers.
The report estimated that
between 2013 and 2015, banks put up $ 42 billion for companies active in
coal mining, $ 154 billion for the 20 largest
coal - fired power
producers and $ 306 billion for companies that drill «extreme oil» (such as resources that lie deep under water).
Commentators who predict a surge in natural gas demand from electric utilities likewise overlook the scope that power
producers have to switch
between coal and natural gas at their plants, depending on which thermal fuel offers the best economics.
Part of this Akkoord is the deal
between four electricity
producers to close down five older
coal fired power plants (all constructed in the 1980s) in a coordinated manner.