All the plant groups the researchers examined, except liverworts, contained at least one of three distinct introns — useless chunks of DNA located inside
the coding sequence of a gene — in two different genes.
The coding sequences of the genes most similar to the rice D11 gene and Arabidopsis Dwf4 gene were obtained from the Phytozome (phytozome.jgi.doe.gov) and Gramene (gramene.org) databases (Supplemental Data Set 2).
The presence of such sequences could provide organisms with a way to modify their gene expression without altering the actual
coding sequence of genes.
Not exact matches
That's not to say
gene editing is new (it isn't), but Crispr simplifies the process by using molecular scissors that can be precisely targeted to snip out aberrant regions
of genetic
code, which can then be replaced with the correct
sequences.
The researches found that the transgene was inserted into an active region
of the genome, thereby disrupting the
coding sequence and ultimately the function
of the plants own OsAux1
gene.
Gene discovery was greatly facilitated by a new exome
sequencing technology, which analyzes all protein -
coding regions
of the genome at once.
To derive an evolutionary tree
of the TRIM5
gene, they analyzed and compared its complete protein -
coding DNA
sequences from 22 African primate species.
The team
sequenced the
gene that
codes for the NaV1.7 channel in mole rats, and compared it with SCN9A — a key
gene in the human version
of the channel.
Sequencing the genome
of one such organism, King and her colleagues found
genes that
code for pieces
of the same proteins used for the binding
of cells and communication between cells in animals — functions that would be unexpected in such an organism.
So Axel Visel
of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California focused on «enhancers»: short
sequences of DNA — which are still sometimes called «junk» — that do not
code for
genes but can influence their activity.
With such long stretches
of DNA, Hung and his team could assess the extent to which the
sequences of DNA
code in the
genes in the three specimens varied from bird to bird.
By comparing proteomic and RNA -
sequencing data from people on different exercise programs, the researchers found evidence that exercise encourages the cell to make more RNA copies
of genes coding for mitochondrial proteins and proteins responsible for muscle growth.
By deleting some
of these «ultraconserved elements», researchers have found that these
sequences guide brain development by fine - tuning the expression
of protein -
coding genes.
The team integrated three, complementary
gene sequencing approaches to look for mutations in tumor cells from SS patients: whole - genome
sequencing in six subjects,
sequencing of all protein -
coding regions (exomes) in 66 subjects, and comparing variation in the number
of copies
of all
genes across the genome in 80 subjects.
«The fact that the genetic
code can simultaneously write two kinds
of information means that many DNA changes that appear to alter protein
sequences may actually cause disease by disrupting
gene control programs or even both mechanisms simultaneously,» said Stamatoyannopoulos.
For this reason, their finding — that nearly half
of the unmapped
sequences contained in available genomic reference libraries, including many protein -
coding genes, were located in the centromeres — was unexpected.
The researchers used the power
of gene sequencing and clever computational methods to uncover the «source
code» for human endothelial cells and learn how that
code is disturbed in human disease.
«
Genes code for the sequence of amino acids in proteins, and some are involved in the regulation of the expression of other genes,» he
Genes code for the
sequence of amino acids in proteins, and some are involved in the regulation
of the expression
of other
genes,» he
genes,» he says.
«By
sequencing all
of the DNA that
codes for mRNA and ultimately, proteins, Dr. Amin and colleagues found a single
gene that may account for as much as 4 %
of the heritable risk for depression,» said Doctor John Krystal, Editor
of Biological Psychiatry.
The
gene that
codes for this clotting protein has a very similar
sequence across many plant species, and the researchers showed that the microRNA from dodder targets regions
of the
gene sequence that are the most highly conserved across plants.
To identify genetic changes likely to be responsible for the giraffe's unique characteristics, including sprints that can reach 37 miles per hour (60 km / h), Cavener and Agaba compared the
gene -
coding sequences of the giraffe and the okapi to more than forty other mammals including the cow, sheep, goat, camel, and human.
To narrow down the suspects in the US Airways crash, the Smithsonian lab's Carla Dove isolated and
sequenced a small piece
of a mitochondrial
gene — known in the field as a DNA bar
code.
They
sequenced the entire nuclear genome
of this species, and identified all
of the
genes within that genome that
code for biological functions.
According to Richard Durbin, who leads the project's informatics team, computer techniques seem to find most
of the
genes sequenced so far but frequently missed some pieces
of them, particularly the short
coding regions that occur at the beginning
of many nematode
genes.
Extensive research has already examined the function
of microRNAs, a category
of small evolutionarily conserved noncoding RNAs about 22 to 24 nucleotides in length that target protein -
coding genes in a
sequence - specific manner.
From these efforts, we identified a high - quality orthologous
gene set across avian species, consisting
of exons from 8251 syntenic protein -
coding genes (~ 40 %
of the proteome), introns from 2516
of these
genes, and a nonoverlapping set
of 3769 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) with ~ 1000 bp
of flanking
sequences.
Merely finding
genes, which make up only two per cent
of the genome, amid the reams
of DNA
code produced by
sequencing will be hard enough.
First the two researchers narrowed the possible location
of the lin - 4
gene to a
sequence of DNA 700 nucleotides long, about one - third the size
of a typical protein -
coding gene.
In brown bears, the
sequence of this
gene varies from one bear to another, but all the polar bears surveyed have an identical version, with the exact same genetic
code at nine variable spots in the
gene, about half
of which should change the function
of the APOB protein.
Her team analysed the DNA
sequence of the
gene TAS1R3, which
codes for a sweet taste receptor, in 51 primate species, including humans.
The tomato (left) shares all but 8 %
of its more than 34,000 protein -
coding genes with its close relative, the recently
sequenced potato.
DNA
sequencing of the ladybird's protein -
coding genes revealed roughly 50 that help manufacture antimicrobial peptides, compared with 16 such
genes identified in the red flour beetle, which the researchers examined for comparison.
DNA methylation and other epigenetic alterations — chemical changes to DNA that can alter a
gene's expression without affecting its protein -
coding sequence — may underlie some
of the lasting biochemical havoc, Ghanei says.
Mice and humans share approximately 70 percent
of the same protein -
coding gene sequences, which is just 1.5 percent
of these genomes.
The human genome contains about 3 billion base pairs, but only about 2 percent
of these base pairs represent protein -
coding genes, meaning that whole - exome
sequencing measures the genetic alterations focused on a small but very important fraction
of the genome (as opposed to techniques
of whole genome
sequencing, which measures every nucleotide across the entire genome, regardless
of whether these
genes are expressed or silent).
Dan Graur
of Tel Aviv University bases his surprising claim on a study
of genetic mutations, which produce changes in the amino acid
sequence of the protein a
gene codes for, and which are assumed to accumulate at a fairly steady rate.
Sogin began collecting and sifting through marine organisms — algae, fungi, sponges, jellyfish, anemones, mollusks — cutting them up and extracting DNA, adding enzymes, concentrating the DNA and
sequencing the
genes, reducing them to strips
of code, comparing their ribosomal RNA, and applying algorithms to measure their relationship with one another and with insects, worms, fish, birds, and mammals.
Using whole exome
sequencing (a next generation test to analyze the exons or coding regions of thousands of genes simultaneously) conducted at the Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center, the researchers identified CLP1 mutations in two unrelated families with the
sequencing (a next generation test to analyze the exons or
coding regions
of thousands
of genes simultaneously) conducted at the Baylor College
of Medicine Human Genome
Sequencing Center, the researchers identified CLP1 mutations in two unrelated families with the
Sequencing Center, the researchers identified CLP1 mutations in two unrelated families with the disorder.
He pulls up the
sequence of the CD32
gene, which has five distinct protein -
coding regions.
The team also carried out a so - called metagenomic analysis, in which the genomes from all organisms in a sample are
sequenced collectively; the great majority
of genes they found
coded for proteins never seen before.
The most common genetic mutation in ALS and FTD is an abnormal repeated expansion
of the
coding sequence within a
gene, C9ORF72, with unknown function.
The third project will fully
sequence the protein -
coding regions
of 1000
genes (5 %
of the total) in about 1000 genomes.
Silent mutations occur when the change
of a single DNA nucleotide within a protein -
coding portion
of a
gene does not affect the
sequence of amino acids that make up the
gene's protein.
The researchers performed the same experiment, editing the γ - actin
gene to encode the β - actin protein but were only able to change the
coding sequence for three
of the four amino acides.
Conventional methods for identification
of both RP mutations and novel RP
genes involve the screening
of DNA
coding sequences.
Using this «Ribotag» approach tissue - specific changes under DR have been measured in muscle, fat, gut, heart, neurons, germline and malpighian tubules, showing a highly tissue specific response upon DR.. We are developing mechanistic models
of gene expression regulation and conducting comprehensive bioinformatics analyses on UTRs, promoters and the
coding sequences of various elements
of differentially regulated
genes.
The branch uniting the fungi and animals is well - supported based on a number
of molecular phylogenetic datasets, including the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA
gene (Wainwright et al., 1993; Bruns et al. 1993), unique and shared
sequence insertions in proteins such as elongation factor 1α (Baldauf and Palmer, 1993), entire mitochondrial genomes (Lang et al., 2002), and concatenated protein -
coding genes (Steenkamp et al., 2006).
Bar -
coding makes it possible to distinguish between two species
of butterfly, for example, by
sequencing just a portion
of a
gene.
In collaboration with a group
of international colleagues, BTI researchers created a high - quality draft genome
sequence of the whitefly and identified
genes that
code for proteins.
g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory»,
of the origin
of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (Global Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,»
of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone
gene gene expression
gene mapping
gene pool
gene therapy
gene transfer General Catalogue
of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory
of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic
code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission
of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric
sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow - On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost
of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder glacial drift glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow - worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law
of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square
of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)