The association was also observed for
coffee intake measured at different examinations 6 years apart.
Coffee intake has been inversely associated with PD occurrence in some studies, but evidence has been equivocal.5 - 8 In an earlier longitudinal study from the Honolulu Heart Program,
coffee intake measured prospectively appeared to be protective against PD, but not after adjustment for cigarette smoking.5
Not exact matches
The availability of these repeated
measures and the long - duration of follow - up allowed the authors to evaluate 4 year changes in
coffee and tea
intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in the following 4 years.
Endothelial function assessed by flow - mediated vasodilation and plasma concentration of 8 - isoprostanes were
measured at baseline and at 1 and 2 h after
coffee intake.
A 2010 meta - analysis which included nine studies which looked at the effects of
coffee / caffeine on different
measures of cognitive impairment and / or decline (four studies on Alzheimer's disease; two on dementia or cognitive impairment; three on cognitive decline), found a reduced risk of cognitive decline across different
measures of cognitive impairment (mean risk ratio 0.84) with caffeine
intake, with moderate heterogeneity14.
Sweet food and beverage
intake was
measured with 15 items such as cakes, biscuits, added sugar to
coffee or tea, and fizzy soft drinks (see Supplementary Table S1).
Main Outcome
Measure Relative risk of nonfatal MI associated with
coffee intake, calculated using unconditional logistic regression.