Liberal - democracies are, in a sense, the highest form of
a cohesive international society (or inner circle thereof) that has ever emerged in history.
This growing emergence of an urban (metropolitan) dimension to national (and
international) discourses on shared values, imaginations and common purpose has come to challenge the nationalisation thesis formulated as part of «political modernisation» (Hofferbert and Sharkansky, 1971), and its primary focus on territorial states as expressions of an existing and
cohesive civil
society, or as «nationalisers» seeking to shape a national identity (Brubaker, 1995).