Sentences with phrase «cohort of children showed»

But by the end of Key Stage 1 in 2017, the same cohort of children showed the 9th smallest attainment gap in the country, with 69 % of poorer children achieving the expected level at KS1.

Not exact matches

They would have to show, in effect, what would be the «present value» of a child born today, and also to show how that present value would be changed by altering the size of the baby's cohort of peers, or the cohorts following.

In particular, breastfeeding may be of concern because it has been shown to be associated with both child's use of antibiotics36, 37 and cow's milk allergy, although inconsistently so.38 In a large Finnish birth cohort, the median durations of exclusive and total breastfeeding were 1.4 months and 7.0 months, respectively, and the proportion of breastfed infants decreased from 95 % at the age of 1 month to 58 % at the age of 6 months.39 Another limitation is our reliance on pharmacy records, which provides only a rough estimation of drug use.

«However, the fact that there are now several mother and child cohort studies linking organic food consumption to positive health impacts shows why it is important to further investigate the impact of the way we produce our food on human health.

Reardon and Portilla noted that other data — from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)-- show that the white - black and white - Hispanic gaps in fourth - grade test scores likewise narrowed between the same cohorts of children.

Parental mental illness Relatively little has been written about the effect of serious and persistent parental mental illness on child abuse, although many studies show that substantial proportions of mentally ill mothers are living away from their children.14 Much of the discussion about the effect of maternal mental illness on child abuse focuses on the poverty and homeless - ness of mothers who are mentally ill, as well as on the behavior problems of their children — all issues that are correlated with involvement with child welfare services.15 Jennifer Culhane and her colleagues followed a five - year birth cohort among women who had ever been homeless and found an elevated rate of involvement with child welfare services and a nearly seven - times - higher rate of having children placed into foster care.16 More direct evidence on the relationship between maternal mental illness and child abuse in the general population, however, is strikingly scarce, especially given the 23 percent rate of self - reported major depression in the previous twelve months among mothers involved with child welfare services, as shown in NSCAW.17

Despite the significant impact of maternal depression on mothers and children alike, maternal mental health needs are often neglected or undiagnosed.18 Prevalence rates of maternal depression are high among low - income women due to the greater challenges they may face related to financial hardships, low levels of community or familial support, and societal prejudice.19 In fact, the prevalence of maternal depression among low - income women in the United States is double the prevalence rate for all U.S. women.20 At the same time, these women are less likely to receive treatment or be screened for postpartum depression.21 Studies show there are clear racial and ethnic disparities in who accesses treatment in the United States, even among women of the same general socio - economic status: In a multiethnic cohort of lower - income Medicaid recipients, 9 percent of white women sought treatment, compared with 4 percent of African American women and 5 percent of Latinas.22

For example, recent research of Growing Up in Scotland (GUS), the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) and other sources has shown that changes to parental relationships can impact on child behaviour (Bradshaw and Tipping, 2010; Keirnan and Mensah, 2010) and that parents» transitions into and out of employment can impact on both family income and parent - child interaction (Millar and Ridge, 2008; McQuaid et al., 2010).

Results showed that in Cohort 1 children in the HIPPY group showed higher on the CPI and classroom adaptation at the end of the program and higher on a standardized reading test and on classroom adaptation at the end of 1 - year follow - up.

Longitudinal studies with birth cohorts have shown that children start to use physical aggression by the end of the first year after birth and frequency peaks between 2 — 4 years of age [1]--[4].

Young children under age 6 are more likely than any other age group to be poor, with nearly one - quarter of children living in poverty and nearly half living in low - income families.2 Children are also the largest age cohort participating in public benefit programs such as SNAP, Medicaid, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and research shows that these programs that help families meet their basic needs are effective at lifting families like Kelly's out of poverty and promoting child well - being.3 When benefit programs such as nutrition assistance, Medicaid, and tax credits are taken into consideration, the child poverty rate in the United States is reduced bchildren under age 6 are more likely than any other age group to be poor, with nearly one - quarter of children living in poverty and nearly half living in low - income families.2 Children are also the largest age cohort participating in public benefit programs such as SNAP, Medicaid, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and research shows that these programs that help families meet their basic needs are effective at lifting families like Kelly's out of poverty and promoting child well - being.3 When benefit programs such as nutrition assistance, Medicaid, and tax credits are taken into consideration, the child poverty rate in the United States is reduced bchildren living in poverty and nearly half living in low - income families.2 Children are also the largest age cohort participating in public benefit programs such as SNAP, Medicaid, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and research shows that these programs that help families meet their basic needs are effective at lifting families like Kelly's out of poverty and promoting child well - being.3 When benefit programs such as nutrition assistance, Medicaid, and tax credits are taken into consideration, the child poverty rate in the United States is reduced bChildren are also the largest age cohort participating in public benefit programs such as SNAP, Medicaid, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and research shows that these programs that help families meet their basic needs are effective at lifting families like Kelly's out of poverty and promoting child well - being.3 When benefit programs such as nutrition assistance, Medicaid, and tax credits are taken into consideration, the child poverty rate in the United States is reduced by half.4

It is difficult to quantify the extent to which these variations in observation rates will have biased the estimates of child temperament, but based on evidence from the first birth cohort about children's socioemotional development which showed that conduct disorder is less common in children from more advantaged social groups (Bromley and Cunningham - Burley, 2010), it is likely that some bias will have been introduced.

Evidence from the first birth cohort showed that children whose mothers had low levels of mental wellbeing had poorer health and developmental outcomes (Marryat and Martin, 2010).