Sentences with phrase «cold polar surface»

This new study has demonstrated that cold polar surface waters will start to become corrosive to these calcifying organisms once the atmospheric CO2 level reaches about 600 parts per million, which is 60 % more than the current level but which could be attained by the middle of this century.

Not exact matches

A low - altitude flow of warm, moist air from an ocean area combined with a flow of cold, dry polar air high up creates maximum instability, which means that parcels of air heated near the surface rise rapidly, creating powerful updrafts.

«Methane is volatile enough that it can only stick to the surface during the long, cold polar winters,» Will Grundy, lead author of the new study, told Space.com by email.

It normally reaches its widest extent in the southern hemisphere in the spring (August and September), as extreme cold temperatures in the stratosphere facilitate chemical reactions on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds.

However, because of the polar vortex, very cold air is constantly being dragged down towards surface.

It is caused by chemical reactions that take place primarily on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds, ice particles or liquid droplets which form at high altitudes in extreme cold.

Ozone holes are caused by chemical reactions that take place primarily on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds, ice particles, or liquid droplets, which form at high altitudes in the extreme cold of the polar regions.

This cold polar water eventually returns to the surface in a variety of different ways.

When oceans get cold, and the surface of polar waters freezes, it snows much less and the sun takes away ice and limites the lower bound of temperature and sea level.

AGW climate scientists seem to ignore that while the earth's surface may be warming, our atmosphere above 10,000 ft. above MSL is a refrigerator that can take water vapor scavenged from the vast oceans on earth (which are also a formidable heat sink), lift it to cold zones in the atmosphere by convective physical processes, chill it (removing vast amounts of heat from the atmosphere) or freeze it, (removing even more vast amounts of heat from the atmosphere) drop it on land and oceans as rain, sleet or snow, moisturizing and cooling the soil, cooling the oceans and building polar ice caps and even more importantly, increasing the albedo of the earth, with a critical negative feedback determining how much of the sun's energy is reflected back into space, changing the moment of inertia of the earth by removing water mass from equatorial latitudes and transporting this water vapor mass to the poles, reducing the earth's spin axis moment of inertia and speeding up its spin rate, etc..

When the convective processes of the atmosphere remove enough water vapor from the oceans to drop sea levels and build polar ice caps, as has happened many times before, the top 35 meters of the oceans where climate models assume the only thermal mixing occurs, must heat up cold ocean water that comes from depths below the original 35 meter depth, removing vast more amounts of heat from the earth's surface and atmosphere.

Extratropical cyclones have three stages of expansion: the developing stage, in which an undulating wave develops along the front; the mature stage, in which sinking cold air sweeps equatorward west of the surface low - pressure centre and ascending warm air moves poleward east of the cyclone; and the occluded stage, in which the warm air is entrained within and moved above the polar air and becomes separated from the source region of the tropical air.

Clouds and often precipitation occur on the poleward sides of both warm and stationary fronts and whenever tropical air reaching the latitude of the polar front is forced upward over the colder air near the surface.

The large vertical movements occur in polar seas, where accelerated radiation makes the surface waters greatly colder than the deeper waters.

For example, reductions in seasonal sea ice cover and higher surface temperatures may open up new habitat in polar regions for some important fish species, such as cod, herring, and pollock.128 However, continued presence of cold bottom - water temperatures on the Alaskan continental shelf could limit northward migration into the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea off northwestern Alaska.129, 130 In addition, warming may cause reductions in the abundance of some species, such as pollock, in their current ranges in the Bering Sea131and reduce the health of juvenile sockeye salmon, potentially resulting in decreased overwinter survival.132 If ocean warming continues, it is unlikely that current fishing pressure on pollock can be sustained.133 Higher temperatures are also likely to increase the frequency of early Chinook salmon migrations, making management of the fishery by multiple user groups more challenging.134

Due to the high elevation of the Antarctic ice sheet and to the cold, dry and thin polar atmosphere, up to 40 % of the total MSU tropopspheric signal actually comes from the surface (Johanson and Fu 2007).

The polar jet stream and associated surface front that typically swings through the United States in late winter has been hovering close to the U.S. / Canada border, with intrusions of seasonally cold air into the central and eastern United States either absent or short - lived over the last few days.

As the Earth's surface cools further, cold conditions spread to lower latitudes but polar surface water and the deep ocean can not become much colder, and thus the benthic foraminifera record a temperature change smaller than the global average surface temperature change [43].

Cold water sinks readily in polar regions, as the surface water tends to be closer to freezing, as well as being fresher from ice melt, and therefore less dense than the inflowing currents, which are in turn are rendered more saline by the fresh water freezing out.

A good example is the consensus of chemistry models that projected a slow decline in stratospheric ozone levels in the 1980s, but did not predict the emergence of the Antarctic ozone hole because they all lacked the equations that describe the chemistry that occurs on the surface of ice crystals in cold polar vortex conditions — an «unknown unknown» of the time.