We were men of the twentieth century, carried along (unless we struggled heroically) by very powerful
psychological currents: We tended, therefore, to follow the contingent trend of the moment as though it were an absolute; we over-dramatized the apparent novelty of our
condition; we indulged a kind of
collective Oedipus complex, resenting and rejecting whatever smacked of the past.
For example, district leadership practices and organizational
conditions may predict
collective efficacy more immediately than they predict self efficacy because leadership practices relate only indirectly to the more proximal antecedents of individual efficacy, such as role clarity and
psychological states.173