The scales are specifically relevant to the examination - oriented education system and
collectivistic culture of China.
However, since individual socioemotional well - being has traditionally been neglected in
the collectivistic culture of China, adolescent mental and behavioural problems are not well identified, and have not received adequate attention from professionals and the public.13
Owing to the cross-cultural differences with respect to the formation and expression of mental problems as mentioned above, in the current study, we developed and validated four brief scales according to the characteristics of adolescents in the examination - oriented education system and
collectivistic culture of China.
Not exact matches
Irreligious and idolatrous
cultures may take many forms, from the pure self - seeking
of irresponsible individualism, through the various types
of more or less organized pursuit
of advantage, to the
collectivistic autonomy
of a totalitarian «people's democracy.»
Unlike Western
cultures, where harmonious social relations rest upon the satisfaction
of individual needs or rights and fairness to all, «proper behavior in the Confucian
collectivistic culture is defined by social roles, with mutual obligation among members
of society and the fulfillment
of their duties for each other being emphasized» (Ho, 2001, p. 100).
Teacher authority and suppression
of individual expression are deeply rooted in Confucian and
collectivistic cultures (Ho, 2001).
They are viewed here as students with high - context learning experiences and expectations (Hall in Beyond
Culture, Anchor, New York, (1976), and a
collectivistic orientation, with a pragmatic, rather than academic way
of looking at the world, who are marginalized and disoriented in US classrooms.
In
collectivistic cultures, relationships are enduring due to social ties that are reified by mutual obligations between members
of the family, clan, or religion.
Thus, being embedded in a richly interconnected social network, as is present in
collectivistic cultures, might be particularly important for maintaining the well - being
of short / short individuals.
Hence,
culture variation in the epidemiological prevalence
of anxiety and depression is likely due to geographical variation in the cultural adoption
of collectivistic social norms.
Given the adaptive value
of collectivistic cultural values, it is possible that increased pathogen prevalence in East Asian regions may be associated with increased
collectivistic values due to genetic selection
of the S allele
of the serotonin transporter gene within
collectivistic cultures.
Consistent with a gene - by - environment (GxE) theory
of affective disorders, reduced exposure to chronic life stress for individuals living in
collectivistic relative to individualistic
cultures would then cause reduced prevalence
of affective disorders among genetically susceptible individuals.
This finding is compatible with previous research, suggesting that in
collectivistic cultures (e.g., Japan: Steger et al., 2008c or China: Wang & Dai, 2008) presence
of meaning and search for meaning are positively correlated.
We found evidence that
collectivistic cultures were significantly more likely to comprise individuals carrying the short (S) allele
of the 5 - HTTLPR across 29 nations.
Specifically, we hypothesized that increased frequency
of S allele carriers
of the 5 - HTTLPR functional polymorphism within East Asia is due to
culture — gene coevolution, whereby
collectivistic cultural values serve an adaptive function, reducing the probability
of environmental stress, a known catalyst
of negative affect, thus leading to genetic selection
of the S allele within
collectivistic cultures.
We hypothesized that increased pathogen prevalence is associated with increased
collectivistic values due to genetic selection
of the S allele
of the serotonin transporter gene within
collectivistic cultures.
A
collectivistic culture values harmony within the group, and the individual gain is considered to be less important than improvement
of the social group.14 Embarrassment may be more common in
collectivistic cultures because it is induced by external sanctions.15 «Taijin kyofusho» (the fear
of offending or embarrassing the other person) is an example
of a culturally specific expression
of anxiety in Asian countries.16 Biological evidence also showed that people who live in collectivist
cultures are more likely than those in individualistic
cultures to have a form
of the serotonin transporter gene that correlates with higher rates
of anxiety and depression.17
By contrast,
collectivistic cultures endorse thinking
of people as highly interconnected to one another.
Physical, verbal and relational aggression have been identified as distinct entities in many
cultures and countries.16, 17,18,19,20 Typically, physical aggression is viewed as unacceptable by parents and is associated with peer rejection in most countries.21, 22,16,23,24,25,8,26 Nevertheless, meta - analyses have demonstrated that
cultures characterized by
collectivistic and Confucian values generally show lower levels
of aggression, regardless
of type, towards peers than their Western counterparts.27
The Bridging
Cultures Project was designed to train teachers at the preschool and elementary level to become aware
of the
collectivistic or familistic cultural orientation that children from Latino immigrant families with roots in Mexico or Central America bring with them from home into their school environments.
In
collectivistic cultures, family reputation within the community and sharing
of resources among family members is particularly prevalent.
In
collectivistic cultures, traditional family values are particularly central to group cohesion, with the institution
of marriage playing a prominent role in the transference
of these values [51].
Conversely, a higher degree
of parental influence on mate choice and relationship functioning is still evident among Eastern,
collectivistic cultures, where greater emphasis is placed on family cohesion and the needs
of the group over those
of the individual [3].
Macdonald, Marshall, Gere, Shimotomai and Lies [31] found that in
collectivistic cultures, confidence in the relationship was derived at least in part from the approval
of family members towards the couple's relationship.
Nevertheless, as individuals from
collectivistic cultures remain dependent on family approval for their mate selection [31], parental influence may suppress the positive effects
of family allocentrism on commitment.
Collectivistic cultures prompt young adults to regard love and romantic relationships within the larger context
of their familial and societal obligations (Yang 1968).
This, then, may lead young adults within
collectivistic cultures to emphasize the pragmatic functions
of dating and eventual marriage, while having less concern with notions
of «love» and «romance» (Hsu 1981).