The research on
the combined effects of smoking and e-cigarettes will be presented by Dr Linnea Hedman, a behavioural scientist at Umeå University in Sweden.
The Swedish study involving 25,474 women is the first to quantify
the combined effects of smoking and age at menopause on overall mortality in terms of survival time by investigating the role of smoking as a possible effect modifier.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that
the combined effect of smoking and coffee intake during pregnancy on the risk of foetal death is coffee - dose - dependent.
Not exact matches
Prior research that studied the
effect of free behavioral counseling offered by phone has shown improvement in
smoking cessation rates when
combined with pharmaceutical interventions.
Prior research has examined the
effects of obesity on longevity, but this study is the first to examine the
combined effects of obesity and
smoking.
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Potential
combined effects of maternal
smoking and coffee intake on foetal death within the Danish National Birth Cohort, European Journal
of Public Health, published online.
Combining baseline adjustments, treatment attenuation
effects, and prior preschool attendance attenuation
effects, we assume that non-low-income children experience 42 percent
of the reduction in the need for special education, 21 percent
of the decline in grade retention, 12 percent
of the reduction in child maltreatment, 42 percent
of the drop in juvenile and adult crime, 26 percent
of the lessening
of depression, and 37 percent
of the decrease in
smoking experienced by low - income children.28
Although
smoking, alcohol and illicit drug use might as behaviors have very different individual
effects, they can be
combined into a single category insofar as previous studies suggest that the use
of these three substances is correlated or comorbid (e.g., Farrell et al. 1992; Lynskaey et al. 1998) and also, because they comprise a general type
of deviant behavior often associated with externalizing behavior problems (e.g., Timmermans et al. 2008).
In these models, the tests
of the mediated
effects represent the
combined main
effects of maternal and paternal
smoking and their interactions.1 There was no significant mediated
effect for mothers» normative beliefs.