Sixteen systematic reviews provided data on 17 comparisons with inactive interventions (placebo, sham interventions or waiting list).30 — 32 35 — 37 39 — 43 45 — 50 figure 2 provides an overview of treatment effects of non-pharmacological and
common pharmacological treatments for MDD when compared with inactive interventions using standardised mean differences.
In the following sections, we first provide an overview of treatment effects of non-pharmacological and
common pharmacological treatments compared with inactive interventions.