In order to improve implementation of the NCLB law, President George W. Bush's second secretary of education, Margaret Spellings, allowed states to apply to participate in pilot projects to try out changes to the law, including a growth - model pilot that let states consider student progress in rating schools instead of
comparing different cohorts of students to one another.
Not exact matches
Another problem is that modeling studies, like this one, are inherently less powerful than other kinds of medical research: randomized clinical trials, the gold standard in medical research, in which patients are randomly assigned
different treatments or no treatment; case - control studies, which
compare patients who have a condition with those who do not; or
cohort studies, which determine the risk of contracting a disease by studying a group of people with similar demographics.
They also pre-treated one
cohort of mice with antibiotics, to determine if that pretreatment resulted in
different shifts in the microbiome as
compared to those in mice not receiving antibiotics (it did so).
By
comparing grade
cohorts who faced
different degrees of accountability pressure, we can ascertain how much their level of risk affects not only 10th - grade exam scores but also how much schooling they completed and their earnings later in life.
In other words, they
compared the 4th graders of 1996 with the 4th graders of 2000, two completely
different cohorts of students.
To overcome the bias that results from self - selection into peer groups, our main analysis
compares cohorts of students in the same grade at the same school in
different years.
You could try a simple comparison group whereby you
compare your results with the group in a previous
cohort (year group), or a
cohort in a
different school.
They found that postpartum mental health of mothers of infants with severe (but not mild / moderate) CHD was
different compared to that of
cohort controls at 6, 18, and 36 months postpartum.