Nevertheless, the teacher value - added
scores computed in this study, despite reflecting
differences in teacher effectiveness, are vulnerable to bias.
To determine whether the intervention led to a clinically meaningful and reliable change the reliable change index was
computed, as recommended by Jacobson and Truax.39 Because population norms for the GHQ - 12 and PSOC were not available for the present study population, we calculated the SE of
difference (Sdiff) based on the pretest
scores for the intervention and control group combined, assuming a measurement reliability of 0.8 for each measure.