Sentences with phrase «concentrations of aerosol»

We have more than doubled the global concentration of aerosols such as soot since pre-industrial times

By measuring the amount of laser light reflected back to Earth, the researchers could estimate the concentrations of aerosols at various altitudes.

Absent other factors and positive feedbacks and ALL else equal, and I do mean ALL ELSE, there should be a particular equilibrium temperature for any given persistent concentration of aerosols.

It is found that with a number concentration of aerosol particles of ∼ 102 — 103 cm − 3 (which corresponds to the aerosol density in the deposited layer of about 1 — 10 mg / m2 with the layer thickness along the ray path of about 100 m) the solar radiation attenuation with artificial aerosol layers accounts for 1 to 10 %.

I believe that I have read somewhere, that when we have a big influx of cosmic ray particles we have a bigger concentration of aerosols.

temperature, other climatic variables, and concentrations of aerosols and trace gases; and (2) making raw and processed atmospheric measurements accessible in a form that enables a number of different groups to replicate and experiment with the processing of the more widely disseminated data sets such as the MSU tropospheric temperature record.

But here's the problem: when the concentration of aerosols is reduced — and they have to be; many of them are poisons pure and simple — the total «greenhouse forcing» will rise rapidly unless the non-CO2 gases, as well as soot, are also reduced, and just as quickly.

The cloud condensation nuclei counter measures the concentration of aerosol particles by drawing an air sample through a column with thermodynamically unstable supersaturated water vapor that can condense onto aerosol particles.

The size and concentration of aerosol particles is also of great importance for the number of cloud drops, which in turn influences the reflection characteristics of clouds.

This is a useful test of the chemical transport model (CTM)- derived concentrations of aerosols and assumptions about their sizes, at least in terms of their collective reflective ability.

Cloud formation is affected by several factors, including concentration of aerosols and dust, and are relatively scarce over areas of maximum warming, namely the poles and the deserts.

Not exact matches

The values of various parameters like clouds and the concentrations of anthropogenic aerosols are adjusted to get the best fit to observations.

After allowing for humidity and rainfall, they found that «aerosol optical thickness» — a measure of the concentration of atmospheric particles — decreased by only 10 to 15 per cent compared with the same periods in 2002 to 2007 (Geophysical Research Letters, in press).

The international team examined vertical wind motion, or updrafts, and aerosol concentration data from one of these stations from March to May 2014.

Xiao used battery powered aerosol monitors to measure indoor concentrations of fine particulate matter, or particles 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller, which consists mainly of black carbon and organic carbon.

Earth System Threshold Measure Boundary Current Level Preindustrial Climate Change CO2 Concentration 350 ppm 387 ppm 280 ppm Biodiversity Loss Extinction Rate 10 pm > 100 pm * 0.1 - one pm Nitrogen Cycle N2 Tonnage 35 mmt ** 121 mmt 0 Phosphorous Cycle Level in Ocean 11 mmt 8.5 - 9.5 mmt — 1 mmt Ozone Layer O3 Concentration 276 DU # 283 DU 290 DU Ocean Acidification Aragonite ^ ^ Levels 2.75 2.90 3.44 Freshwater Usage Consumption 4,000 km3 ^ 2,600 km3 415 km3 Land Use Change Cropland Conversion 15 km3 11.7 km3 Low Aerosols Soot Concentration TBD TBD TBD Chemical Pollution TBD TBD TBD TBD * pm = per million ** mmt = millions of metric tons #DU = dobson unit ^ km3 = cubic kilometers ^ ^ Aragonite is a form of calcium carbonate.

Taking factors such as sea surface temperature, greenhouse gases and natural aerosol particles into consideration, the researchers determined that changes in the concentration of black carbon could be the primary driving force behind the observed alterations to the hydrological cycle in the region.

Along the PlaetSolar itinerary, the colored dots represent the concentration of organic aerosols, from blue (light concentration) to red (strong concentration).

Non-polar glacial ice holds a wealth of information about past changes in climate, the environment and especially atmospheric composition, such as variations in temperature, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and emissions of natural aerosols or human - made pollutants... The glaciers therefore hold the memory of former climates and help to predict future environmental changes.

When the wind slows down, the concentration of small particles of air pollution (aerosols) increase, which help increase haze and leads to solar dimming in the area.

The device would have measured ozone concentration, gases involved in ozone depletion, and aerosols such as those from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.

The resulting mass concentration of secondary organic aerosols was roughly between five and 100 μg / m3.

By adjusting elements of the test, such as the air exchange rate, which is the number of times per hour indoor air is replaced by outdoor air, as well as the concentrations of terpene and ozone in the chamber, the group was able to ascertain how those variables each affected the formation of secondary organic aerosols.

«Particles of any kind, even much smaller than the wavelength of visible light, will, as a rule, make the sky brighter but at the expense of its purity of color,» Bohren says, noting that the effect is more pronounced when there is a high concentration of large aerosols.

With 18 different scenarios tested, the team calculated a range of peak formation of secondary organic aerosols when typical concentrations of limonene were introduced to ozone - rich environments with a range of air exchange rates.

Even if the concentrations of all greenhouse gases and aerosols had been kept constant at year 2000 levels, a further warming of about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected.

The relative atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases as well as aerosol and particulate content coupled with other climate information gives insight into both the importance of these as drivers of temperature as well as how these drivers might couple in either a positive or negative feedback sense (Beckman and Mahoney, 1998).

In addition, our deficient understanding of aerosol forcing also hinders our ability to use the modern temperature record to constrain the «climate sensitivity» — the operative parameter in determining exactly how much warming will result from a given increase in CO2 concentration.

The specialized instruments onboard the aircraft sampled the plume for aerosol particle size distribution and composition as well as concentrations of pollutant gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Therefore, considering the large contribution of these particles to the aerosol mass concentration in the atmosphere and the importance of the INPs, we study the ability of these particles as INPs by immersion freezing mode.

indicate that there was high concentration of the cisplatin within the tumor with the intratumoral method of administration when compared with the two aerosol methods at the same time.

The team gathered simulated data of the two more variable biogenic aerosols separately, taking sulfate concentrations from a suite of computer models called AeroCom.

The main research themes include greenhouse gas concentrations and ecosystem — atmosphere fluxes, the climate effects of atmospheric aerosols, aerosol — cloud interactions and air quality.

Researchers from the University of Miami (UM) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science and colleagues analyzed the dust concentrations in aerosol samples from two locations, French Guiana's capital city Cayenne and the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe, to understand the amount, source regions, and seasonal patterns of airborne dust that travels across the North Atlantic Ocean.

These uncertainties are reflected in the model simulations of aerosol concentrations which all show similar total amounts, but have very different partitions among the different types.

It is my understanding that the uncertainties regarding climate sensitivity to a nominal 2XCO2 forcing is primarily a function of the uncertainties in (1) future atmospheric aerosol concentrations; both sulfate - type (cooling) and black carbon - type (warming), (2) feedbacks associated with aerosol effects on the properties of clouds (e.g. will cloud droplets become more reflective?)

«In a scenario of zeroed CO2 and sulfate aerosol emissions, whether the warming induced by specified constant concentrations of non-CO2 greenhouse gases could slow the CO2 decline following zero emissions or even reverse this trend and cause CO2 to increase over time is assessed.

The impact is a function of the magnitude of the change in the concentration (i.e. deviation from the average) of aerosols.

Even if the concentrations of all greenhouse gases and aerosols had been kept constant at year 2000 levels, a further warming of about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected.

Similarly, the more protracted the state of reduced volcanic activity — > the larger and longer the reduction in aerosol concentrations — > the larger and more persistent the impact on temperatures.

The composition of sea spray aerosol particles are influenced by both chlorophyll - a concentrations and microbial degradation.

Concentration at stabilization including GHGs and aerosols (2008 = 395 ppm) Peaking year of CO 2 emissions Change in CO 2 emissions in 2050 (percent of 2000 emissions) 2.0 -2.4350-400445-4902000-2015 − 85 to − 50 2.4 -2.8400-440490-5352000-2020 − 60 to − 30 2.8 -3.2440-485535-5902010-2030 − 30 to +5 3.2 -4.0485-570590-7102020-2060 +10 to +60 4.0 -4.9570-660710-8552050-2080 +25 to +85 4.9 -6.1660-790855-11302060-2090 +90 to +140 Data from: IPCC, 2007: Synthesis Report.

The Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) measures the soot (black carbon) mass of individual aerosol particles by laser - induced incandescence down to concentrations as low as ng / m ^ 3.

Even if the concentrations of all GHGs and aerosols had been kept constant at year 2000 levels, a further warming of about casino 0.1 °C per decade would be expected.

In the very long term, a warming limit of 1.5 C requires total greenhouse - gas concentrations — plus the effects of aerosols — to be below a level of 400ppm CO2eq.

The combustion of fossil fuels has distributed soot, heavy metals and aerosols in mixtures and concentrations that had never existed before the commercial power stations, factories, railways and motor cars.

Explaining global surface aerosol number concentrations in terms of primary emissions and particle formation.

GCAM tracks emissions and concentrations of greenhouse gases and short - lived species including CO2, CH4, N2O, NOx, VOCs, CO, SO2, carbonaceous aerosols, HFCs, PFCs, NH3, and SF6.

The future concentrations of LLGHGs and the anthropogenic emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), a chemical precursor of sulphate aerosol, are obtained from several scenarios considered representative of low, medium and high emission trajectories.

And even if they had a good handle on the effects of aerosol concentrations, no one agrees on the actual numbers for aerosol concentrations or production.