After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Explain the basic nature
of a joint stock company as a form
of business organisation and the various kinds
of companies based on liability
of their members Describe the types
of shares issued by a company Explain the accounting treatment
of shares issued at par, at premium and at discount including oversubsription Outline the accounting for forfeiture
of shares and reissue
of forfeited shares under varying situations Workout the amounts to be
transferred to capital reserve when forfeited shares are reissued; and prepare share forfeited account State the meaning
of debenture and explain the difference between debentures and shares Describe various types
of debentures; Record the journal entries for the issue
of debentures at par, at a discount and at premium Explain the
concept of debentures issued for consideration other than cash and the accounting thereof Explain the
concept of issue
of debentures as a collateral security and the accounting thereof Show the items relating to issue
of debentures in company's
balance sheet Describe the methods
of writing - off discount / loss on issue
of debentures Explain the methods
of redemption
of debentures and the accounting thereof Explain the
concept of sinking fund, its use for redemption
of debentures and the accounting thereof Topic List Features
of a Company Kinds
of Companies Share Capital
of a Company Nature and Classes
of Shares Issue
of Shares Accounting Treatment Forfeiture
of Shares Meaning
of Debentures Types
of Debentures Issue
of Debentures Over Subscription Terms
of Issue
of Debentures Interest on Debentures Writing - off Discount / Loss on Issue
of Debentures Redemption
of Debentures Redemption by Payment in Lump Sum Sinking Fund Method
For example: you write That is why the 364 W / m2
of potential heat
transfer from air that is 10 °C will not warm you up but I know if I take an ice cube out
of the freezer it will melt in the shade during your cool afternoon air... so it is all about the net
balances... and the introduction
of the word forcing seems to introduce a totally spurious
concept that can only confuse.