In reality, bismuth vanadate exhibits complex chemical instabilities that originate from kinetic limitations, which are related to the inability to structurally reorganize the surface phase such that it could reach a stable
configuration under the operating conditions.
For a Fermi quantum gas
under this clock's
operating conditions, quantum mechanics favors a
configuration where each individual lattice site is occupied by only one atom, which prevents the frequency shifts induced by atomic interactions in the 1 - D version of the clock.