Sentences with phrase «confounding effects»

However, few studies have controlled for the potentially confounding effects of childhood depressive symptoms.

For the latter analysis, raw associations (model 1) were adjusted for G1 parenting practices (model 2), and then for the potential confounding effects of G1 education; social class; physical and mental health, and G2 characteristics (model 3).

«Although mate choice studies in humans have routinely recorded pill use during the last decade to control for its confounding effects, little effort has been invested in understanding the consequences of such effects of the pill,» said study author Alexandra Alvergne from the University of Sheffield.

We also examined the potentially confounding effects of children's externalizing symptoms, to confirm unique relationships between parental emotion socialization and levels of CU traits.

As the authors explain in the paper «That divorce exerts a long - term causal influence on the risk for early death is not implausible, but it is critical to recognize that any causal processes unfolding after marital separation or divorce do so in the context of other confounding effects, which are widely understood as selection processes that increase risk for both divorce and poor health outcomes.»

It has been shown that inferences resulting from this analysis are virtually identical no matter which of these outcome measures is used.30 In addition to the covariates previously noted, the regression analysis was repeated to include annual household income, mother's treatment setting (primary vs psychiatric outpatient care), and treatment status of child during the 3 - month follow - up period in order to investigate the further potential confounding effects of these variables.

Importantly, these findings can not be attributed to possible confounding effects of a host of other maternal parenting risk factors.

Demographic variables were examined regarding potential modification and confounding effects.

Hypotheses 1 - 10 and research questions 1 - 3 were tested by computing second - order partial correlation coefficients, controlling for the potentially confounding effects of financial wellness and income.

The study, published in Nature Geoscience, adjusts for the confounding effects of historical glacial growth and retreat by examing the acceleration of the change in elevation on rocky territories, rather than the velocity.

The problems arise due to confounding effects on the LONG TERM trend (multi-decadal to multi-century) estimates.

There's no obvious reason to believe that trees will accurately obey this growth curve in the absence of confounding effects; it's simply a function pulled out of the air with some vaguely reasonable properties (starts off high and drops smoothly to a smooth plateau).

The HadSST3 adjustments minimise the effects of the biases and attempts to quantify uncertainties associated with the estimation of the biases and the other two confounding effects, in order to better understand the climate signal.

That was even more dubious than wind and temperature, what with the confounding effects of rainfall, tree disease or damage, insolation, seasonality, non-linear responses etc..

While «strip - bark» samples should be avoided for temperature reconstructions, attention should also be paid to the confounding effects of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition (Vitousek et al. 1997)...

While «strip - bark» samples should be avoided for temperature reconstructions, attention should also be paid to the confounding effects of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition (Vitousek et al. 1997), since the nutrient conditions of the soil determine wood growth response to increased atmospheric CO2 (Kostiainen et al. 2004).

I prefer, as I tried to indicate above, a point where the CO2 forcing is plausibly of similar magnitude to confounding effects in the temperature record.

That (+ / --RRB- 2.4 C is the minimal reportable methodological error in any dO18 proxy paleotemperature reconstruction, apart from invisible environmental confounding effects such as monsoon shifts.

To isolate the intrinsic merits of a policy it is necessary to eliminate the confounding effects of those other factors.

Body weight was maintained in the studies described to control for the confounding effects of weight change.

To avoid the confounding effects of concomitant changes in energy and macronutrients, the two study diets were isocaloric and the macronutrient composition of the diets was identical.

To avoid confounding effects of high heat exposure, mild dehydration was induced by moderate exercise in a moderately warm environment (mean ± SD, 27.6 ± 0.8 °C).

This, combined with an experimental mate - switching protocol that allowed natural inseminations by males with different sperm lengths, avoided the potentially confounding effects of artificial insemination and cell labelling on differential sperm storage by females.

This model allowed the researchers to study the effects of hyperinsulinemia without the confounding effects of insulin resistance.

That maybe true for one simple feedback state, but in the case of multiple feedbacks with confounding effects I very much doubt that would happen.

«The findings also provide insight into which cognitive abilities put individuals at risk of developing schizophrenia and demonstrate that control carriers provide an opportunity to study cognitive abnormalities without the confounding effects of psychosis or medication.»

Such estimates of ancient divergence times could contain substantial error caused by uncertainty of the molecular clock assumptions, confounding effects of horizontal gene transfer, and errors in estimating sequence homology (i.e., similarlity).

She applauds the new work, noting that Ludwig and colleagues used apt statistical models to try to avoid confounding effects and excluded subjects with other risk factors such as gestational diabetes or extremely high birth weight.

Jennifer Yee, an astronomer at the Harvard — Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and KMTNet team member, says that longer monitoring would make it easier to detect the signals of rogue Earths — and to distinguish them from confounding effects such as stellar flares, which can mimic ultrashort microlensing events.

Combining the two instruments» data will help isolate the confounding effects of atmospheric dust.

Potential effect measure modification was evaluated and models adjusted for confounding effects of age, gender, race / ethnicity, diabetes, income and education.

The only flaw is that this analysis is done in isolation, but an event that would lead to Chinese divestment of U.S. Treasuries would only happen in a geopolitical environment in which the events causing the divestment would have confounding effects including a probable stock market crash, increased militarization, etc. which might lead to a flight to safety that could mitigate this effect on interest rates, or exacerbate the effect.

We examined the potential confounding effects of home tap water As concentration and sex, but because these factors were unrelated to urinary As concentrations, we report only the models including specific gravity.

We wished to assess whether the planned place of birth would lead to differences in perinatal outcome after the confounding effects of obstetric, medical, and social background were controlled for.

Using this tool we compared the outcomes of planned home births with those of planned hospital births for primiparous and multiparous women after controlling for the confounding effects of social, medical, and obstetric background.

A heap of evidence shows women are assessed differently when it comes to confidence, likability and self - promotion, so the researchers only recruited male study subjects, as they put it, «to control for potentially confounding effects of gender.»

The turbulence of the past decade has had a confounding effect both on our individual lives and on our collective life in society.

The most confounding effect of playing the same starting 11 in short succession is that people get tired.

Because type of milk and feeding mode were confounded by each other, examining bottle effects among infants fed by breastmilk only and examining breastmilk effects among infants fed by bottle only would be useful to tease out this confounding effect (Figure).

Although the team controlled for these factors in the analyses, the possibility of a partial confounding effect on the associations identified in the study can not be ruled out.

In addition, presentations given earlier this week at a cosmology conference in Moscow, based on observations from the European Space Agency's Planck satellite add fresh evidence that what BICEP2 could be entirely due to a confounding effect of dust.

We find that many genes change expression over relatively short PMIs in a tissue - specific manner, but this potentially confounding effect in a biological analysis can be minimized by taking into account appropriate covariates.

We considered this a critical aspect of the study design because our primary goal was to determine the effect of the diet per se on total glycated hemoglobin, without the confounding effect of weight loss (or gain) or a reduced (or increased) food - energy intake.

Therefore, to prevent the risk of a possible confounding effect on the rate of glucose absorption, we limited the amount of lactulose to the minimum (5 g) that has been shown to significantly increase colonic fermentation without altering the orocecal transit time of a solid meal (7, 8).

This issue with trans fats is just one example of the variables which may have confounded the effect of saturated fat reduction.

To minimize the confounding effect and test for potential modification by an overall lifestyle pattern, we further performed a stratified analysis according to a priori — defined healthy lifestyle pattern, as characterized by never smoking or ever smoking for fewer than 5 pack - years, never or moderate alcohol intake (< 14 g / d in women and < 28 g / d in men), body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of at least 18.5 and less than 25.0, and physical activity of at least 150 min / wk at a moderate level or at least 75 min / wk at a vigorous level (equivalent to ≥ 7.5 metabolic equivalent h / wk) as recommended.18 Likewise, given the previous report that protein intake was associated with a higher risk for diabetes - related mortality, 8 we examined the protein - mortality association according to the history of diabetes.

Third, although we adjusted for a comprehensive set of covariates in our multivariable models, the associations reported in our study may partially result from other unobserved confounding variables, from residual confounding, or by other dietary variables.55 However, use of the HEI provided a comprehensive assessment of overall dietary pattern and should have significantly reduced the confounding effect of other dietary variables.

However, our results are robust to the multivariable adjustment and propensity score analysis, and any confounding effect may have been minimized in our stratified analysis according to lifestyle profile.

Though the music is dolloped over one scene after the next to the kind of confounding effect that Anderson delights in, «Phantom Thread» as an album is nothing less than ravishing, masking its lunacy in pointed refinement, even as it distracts in another medium.

The confounding effect of linking bias on gains estimated from value - added models.