The cognitive principles of learning are based on reports from (a) the National Academy of Sciences, 1 (b) a practice guide for teachers by the Institute of Education Sciences in the U.S. Department of Education on Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning, 2 (c) and a joint initiative between the Association of Psychological Sciences and the American Psychological Association on Lifelong Learning at Work and at Home.3 The recommendations here reflect the wisdom of these reports, which are based on scientific evidence, rather than being
consensus opinions of experts.
When some politicians try to sway public opinion, they employ the tricks of the debating chamber: cherry - picking data, ignoring
the consensus opinions of experts, adept use of a sneer or a misplaced comparison, reliance on the power of rhetoric rather than argument.
Not exact matches
That was the
consensus opinion of four wine industry
experts — W.R. Tish
of Beverage Media Group, David Ransom
of The Tasting Panel and The SOMM Journal, Gregg Glaser
of Modern Distillery Age, and Felicity Carter
of Meininger's Wine Business International — who recently gathered for a media panel at the 2016 USA Trade Testing Conference.
I don't think there's a
consensus here, or that any study has been done that quantifies the
opinions of «
experts».
«Among political science scholars» I don't think there's a
consensus here, or that any study has been done that quantifies the
opinions of «
experts».
The article is a
consensus report with a balanced analysis from
experts with diverse
opinions about the value
of cannabis as a pain treatment.
Dr. Talwalkar notes that up to 80 percent
of recommendations from most guidelines are supported by evidence from non-randomized studies or
expert consensus opinion, making conflict
of interest disclosure crucial.
However, instead
of consensus, a new study by an interdisciplinary research team at ETH Zurich (Switzerland)
of psychologists and plant biologists found a wide range
of different
opinions among scientific
experts about how to describe invasive plant species, and how severe their effects on the environment are.
The NRC convenes panels
of outside
experts who volunteer their time to provide
consensus opinions on issues
of policy significance.
The U.S. News & World Report rankings compare cars on the basis
of safety, reliability and a
consensus of industry
experts»
opinions, along with value — which is measured by a combination
of a vehicle's five - year total cost
of ownership and the average price paid for the vehicle at the time the awards are published.
A survey
of gurus by Business Insider resulted in a
consensus forecast
of 1,949 for the S&P 500 by the end
of 2014: the index closed the year at 2,060, higher than all but one
expert's
opinion.
Consensus isn't proof, but when one must choose between an
opinion shared by an overwhelming majority
of experts and one held by but a few (about a field in which we lack expertise
of our own),
consensus is a very useful means to assess the two choices.
On this topic, Policymakers
of the last 30 years have taken the «Do Nothing» alternative based on a «whopping» 3 - 10 %
consensus of expert opinion.
quote: «Despite the 97 %
expert consensus on human - caused global warming supported by peer - reviewed research,
expert opinion, the IPCC reports, and National Academies
of Science and other scientific organizations from around the world, a large segment
of the population remains unconvinced on the issue.»
Now, as to the meaning
of such a strong scientific
consensus - that's important because laypeople (quite wisely) will take
expert opinions into consideration when deciding public policy.
When the networks did include scientists with
opinions outside
of the «
consensus» the media embrace so much, the reports either disrespectful the
experts or attempted to undermine their position.
Note that while we encourage deferring to
experts in any specific domain, due to people's intuitive tendency to have excessive confidence in their own
opinions and underestimate the value
of expert opinions, we consider going against
expert opinion a violation
of the pledge only in the case
of a clear scientific
consensus.
For example, the constant refrain about how «the
consensus» was wrong about plate tectonics is useful for «skeptics» to exploit - and then argue that the existence
of a «
consensus» on climate change isn't meaningful - when they don't also consider just how pervasively we all trust the product
of scientists» work, and by extension the power
of shared
opinion among
experts, as we live our daily lives.
Infact Coby, there is hardly related to SCIENCE much
of the supposition presented by the
OPINION (related as a supposed consensus) «marketed» as «climate science» and the supposed «climate experts» too often present opinion that is disassociated from S
OPINION (related as a supposed
consensus) «marketed» as «climate science» and the supposed «climate
experts» too often present
opinion that is disassociated from S
opinion that is disassociated from SCIENCE.
He just cares about being properly aligned with the
consensus opinion of the majority
of the
experts.
Surveys
of the peer - reviewed scientific literature and the
opinions of experts consistently show a 97 — 98 %
consensus that humans are causing global warming.
The limits
of experts consensus, how to optimized
expert consensus, is one
of the most important topics in social epistemology in my
opinion.
Given that recognition
of the
expert consensus is a gateway belief that determines the public's attitudes toward climate policies, and given that informing people
of the
consensus demonstrably shifts their
opinions, it is unsurprising that attempts continue to be made to deny the existence
of this pervasive
expert consensus.
My «belief» (more like general sense
of how it works rather than a belief — I think that «belief» is too strong a word) is that absent hard proof otherwise, it isn't irrelevant that a «
consensus»
of expert opinion says that a certain interpretation is probably correct.
It is clear, based on the
consensus opinion of most
experts, including the EIA, that it is unrealistic to suggest that we can meet our future energy needs without fossil fuels.
On the other side
of the coin, some actively engaged online «realists» exploit the ambiguity
of the term «
consensus» to translate a strong prevalence
of shared
opinions among climate science
experts that continued and increasing aC02 emissions pose a potential risk, to give the public an impression that «CAGW» is «settled science.»
One after another the global warming
experts rose to condemn me for questioning in public the conclusions
of an IPCC report that had been compiled and endorsed as the
consensus opinion of a large number
of knowledgeable scientists.
In the end the balance
of informed
opinion or
consensus of experts is closer to the truth and reality than any other
opinion.
Integrity is an issue
of particular importance at the science - policy interface, particularly when the scientific case is represented by a
consensus that is largely based on
expert opinion.
So climate change is one area where I am content to defer to the
consensus of expert opinion.
Look at other
consensus objections: as with creationism, anti-vaccines, the entire tobacco industry campaign, ozone, acid rain, and now anthropogenic global warming - a repeating pattern
of minority
opinions trying to convince the public that the
experts are not in agreement (when they actually are).
It is obviously true that the existence
of an
expert consensus on any scientific theory does not constitute any kind
of logical proof that that particular
opinion is correct.
From my post on why
consensus matters in climate science to my follow up on why blogging is not science, it's common for climate skeptic commenters to claim that any reference to the majority
of expert scientific
opinion on climate change is simply an «appeal to authority».
Counsel need to present the
expert evidence in ways that allow adjudicators to better assess when an
expert is basing an
opinion on a set
of facts or principles on which there is a strong
consensus and when the
expert is expressing a minority or dissenting
opinion that is not widely supported.
The study found that, when participants were given a written comment from an
expert on each side
of the question, in addition to the raw numbers, they had much more difficulty distinguishing between the high -
consensus and low -
consensus opinions.
In personal injury lawsuits, «
consensus reporting» refers to when a single
expert witness summarizes the
opinions of other
experts and delivers the findings to the court in the form
of an executive summary.
When patients make claims
of negligence the process
of discovering whether negligence occurred requires investigating medical records, interviewing the involved parties (through sworn depositions), finding
experts, sorting out conflicts between the
opinions of experts, reinvestigating the records and testimony as new insights are uncovered and then reaching some kind
of consensus, if possible, about what actually occurred and whether those facts meet the definition
of legal negligence.