And although there have been
considerably fewer «traditional» conflicts among
states in recent years, today's are extremely violent and are increasingly affecting civil populations and the
weaker regions of the world.
«Permanent El Niño» is a rather loose and potentially confusing term, and here we interpret it as a
state in which the west - to - east temperature gradient in the tropical Pacific is
considerably weaker than today (with the potential for uniform SSTs across the basin) and ENSO variability is almost completely absent.