Article 6 (3) in this respect could be the sound reference to apply as a possible limit to the enforcement of Taricco I based on
the constitutional traditions of Member States.
The Court of Justice reached this decision, which was highly controversial, after conducting a review of the scope of the protection afforded to communications with in - house counsel across the member states of the EU, and finding there not to be a sufficiently broad consensus on this point to justify the extension of the privilege, given that it was identified as being one of the fundamental principles of law common to
the constitutional traditions of the member states.
In the choice of the language of the «common constitutional traditions» (Art. 6.3 TEU), the CJEU resorts to a more pluralistic and less identitarian tradition of dialogue, which rather than being read in light of a single legal order, should take into account the pluralism of
the constitutional traditions of the various Member States, and be balanced with the ultimate goal of the EU, the achievement of an ever closer Union.
The CJEU has traditionally drawn from both international treaties — in particular the European Convention on Human Rights — and the common
constitutional traditions of the EU Member States in protecting fundamental rights.
They stem, at the same time, from Article 49 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (Charter),
the constitutional traditions of Member States and the European Convention of Human Rights (paras 52 - 57).
At the UN, meanwhile, global «Climate» Czar Christiana Figueres told reporters that the Communist Chinese system of tyranny — where critics are simply jailed, re-educated, tortured, or executed; and the Communist Party controls all policy — was better suited to fighting «global warming» than America's
constitutional traditions of self - government.
Would any of these constitutional arrangements recognise the different
constitutional traditions of the two partners to the Union?
Not exact matches
With more than a hint
of exasperation, Scalia concludes: «One will search in vain the document we are supposed to be construing for text that provides the basis for the argument over these distinctions; and will find in our society's
tradition regarding abortion no hint that the distinctions are constitutionally relevant, much less any indication how a
constitutional argument about them ought to be resolved.
With scant grounding in
constitutional text or
tradition, court majorities took it upon themselves (usually over strong dissents) to remove a number
of matters from legislative and local control.
Powell a Christian, points out in The Moral
Tradition of American Constitutionalism that
constitutional rhetoric «is a language
of permanence,
of settled decision,
of absolute political value».
A judge must have humility to seek his primary insights from outside his own moral reasoning: from the text
of a
constitutional provision, its historical background, the nation's widely recognized
traditions, and the democratic body that passed the law that the judge is reviewing.
McConnell explored the value
of tradition generally — as a coordinating mechanism, a democratic check on state power, and a depository
of values that endure over time — and then moved to a discussion
of tradition and change in
constitutional interpretation.
Speaking in Westminster Hall in 2010, Pope Benedict XVI spoke movingly about Britain's heritage
of constitutional government: «Your common law
tradition serves as the basis
of legal systems in many parts
of the world, and your particular vision
of the respective remains an inspiration to many across the globe».
It evolved from
constitutional traditions respecting private property and individual rights, it arose from religious teachings about human dignity, and it sprang from the mind
of Kant.
These are the times, as recent issues
of this journal reflect, for reassessing our
constitutional tradition, and current
constitutional decisions and discussions are a good place to start.
And indeed, a current
of pride runs through the
constitutional tradition from the beginning.
The opening
of the document clearly indicates that the demand for human freedom in society expressed in part through
constitutional limits on government prompted the council fathers to return to the Catholic Church's treasury
of sacred
tradition.
This
tradition of pragmatic accommodation
of non-Islamic beliefs and practices guides Jackson's assessment
of America's
constitutional regime.
They are finding great value in Burke's understanding
of tradition, ordered liberty, natural law, and the place
of religion in a modern
constitutional government.
The time is ripe for Americans to reconsider the advantages
of crowns — or at least, to reflect on what we might be able to learn from
constitutional monarchies and the longstanding
traditions of England's kings and queens.
When the functions
of political community were degraded to a matter
of mere «police protection,» both the
tradition of the covenant community and
of constitutional republicanism were subverted.
The criminalization
of ritual circumcision banishes religious autonomy to the
constitutional ether; it imposes a top - down view
of how to practice religion and raise children, which denigrates both religious
tradition and parental decision - making.
Mahoney's analysis shows Solzhenitsyn to be a Burkean «style admirer
of constitutional mon archy that gradually evolves toward ordered liberty while preserving his nation's distinctive
traditions.
Reform
of the
constitutional architecture
of the UK state over the past two decades has adhered to a conservative orthodoxy based on an enduring belief in the British Political
Tradition: the redistribution
of power is negotiated between the state and sub-state national and regional elites rather than with the British people.
«What I'm saying here is pointing at a very, very irrational possible outcome
of our potty electoral system, which is that a party that has spectacularly lost the election because fewer people are voting for it than any other party, could nonetheless according to
constitutional tradition and convention still lay claim to providing the prime minister
of the country.»
In a break from
constitutional tradition, Mr Brown published for consultation a 50 - page list
of draft bills outlining their main points.
It was a pathetic sight, watching Tory MPs line up to vote on a piece
of legislation they knew had no meaning and which undercut centuries
of useful British
constitutional tradition.
That is in the best
tradition of British
constitutional reform.
In Scotland, the separate history
of Scots law and separate
constitutional documents such as the Declaration
of Arbroath in 1320 have led to differences in views about parliamentary sovereignty and debates about
constitutional tradition.
WASHINGTON — The inclusion
of prayer at a public - school graduation exercise is consistent with the nation's long
tradition of invoking God's name during ceremonial events and should be upheld as
constitutional, lawyers representing the Bush Administration and a Rhode Island school district told the U.S. Supreme Court last week.
This raises a question very much worth pondering: What is the best way to arrange a city's system
of schools given our
tradition of local control and the state's ultimate
constitutional obligation?
But Canada has developed a strong
tradition of keeping church and state separate and the idea
of injecting religious imagery into the legal system makes many people uncomfortable, says James Stribopoulous, a professor specializing in criminal and
constitutional law at Osgoode Hall Law School.
Despite an illustrious
tradition of great criminal defense attorneys — perhaps even because
of it, I suppose — Houston has seen fit to rely on court appointments to satisfy its
constitutional obligation to provide legal representation to the poor.
And recall as well that the judicial creation
of this test (to parallel the express provision in section 1
of the Charter) has been critiqued for being inconsistent with the structure
of the Constitution Act 1982 as well as ignoring aboriginal sovereignty and the limitations already placed on aboriginal rights by indigenous laws and
traditions (see e.g. John Borrows, «Frozen Rights in Canada:
Constitutional Interpretation and the Trickster» (1997/98) 22 American Indian L Rev 37 at 59).
Essentially, the national court asks whether Simmenthal II applies to the ECHR now that article 6 (3) TEU states that «Fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection
of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and as they result from the
constitutional traditions common to the Member States, shall constitute general principles
of the Union's law».
In this respect, he immediately excludes the relevance
of national law and practices (Art. 52 (6) CFREU) and
of the
constitutional traditions common to the Member States (Art. 52 (4) CFREU) for the purpose
of the interpretation
of Article 50 CFREU with regard to the combination
of administrative and criminal sanctions.
This the Court achieved by claiming that the principle
of effective judicial protection constitutes a «a general principle
of EU law stemming from the
constitutional traditions common to the Member States», enshrined in Articles 6 and 13
of the ECHR and «reaffirmed» by Article 47
of the Charter (para. 35).
As the scope
of EU law expands the application
of the EU fundamental rights regime as well as its relationship with national
constitutional traditions will continue to be a source
of debate.
Uniformity or deference to national
constitutional traditions in the protection
of fundamental rights?
That view threatens the lives
of people with disabilities and is deeply offensive to fundamental
constitutional values and to legal
traditions which recognize that parents do not enjoy unfettered power with respect to the lives
of their children.
For one thing (and to harken back to my theme three columns ago), the ructions that are going on within the political branches
of government remind us
of just how critical a role respect for
tradition plays in the
constitutional systems
of common law states.
On the other side, instead
of recognizing the interpretation
of the principle
of legality as a part
of the Italian
constitutional identity, the Court maintained that this interpretation is part
of the «
constitutional traditions common to the Member States» pursuant to Art. 6.3 TUE..
As suggested by Pollicino and Fabbrini, a convincing explanation might be that the CJEU has chosen to follow the
tradition of dialogue and confrontation that brings the two Courts together, instead
of trying to give a definition
of the
constitutional identity
of the Italian Republic.
The question is then: why has the CJEU decided to label the interpretation
of the principle
of legality as a common
constitutional tradition instead
of as an element
of national
constitutional identity?
The Court, in a second step (para 52), recognizes that the principle
of legality in criminal matters is protected by Art. 49
of the Charter and is part
of the «
constitutional traditions» common to EU Member States.
-RRB-, the ructions that are going on within the political branches
of government remind us
of just how critical a role respect for
tradition plays in the
constitutional systems
of common law states.
From a scholarly perspective, I found that it's a proud part
of our
constitutional tradition, that it's perfectly legal and indeed was embraced by the framers as a way to protect people from too powerful law enforcement and too powerful prosecutors.
The Union shall respect fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection
of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms signed in Rome on 4 November 1950 and as they result from the
constitutional traditions common to the Member States, as general principles
of Community law.
Entries on the role
of constitutional tradition and
constitutional covenant in yesterday's debate will follow shortly.
If the Supreme Court were to act thus it would be asserting an authority over Parliament that is flatly ruled out by our
constitutional tradition: an assertion
of judicial supremacy
of this kind would be a coup not a judgment.