Although the above studies were conducted with primarily Caucasian, middle - class samples, there is also evidence to suggest that among low socioeconomic status (SES) samples with poor metabolic
control externalizing symptoms may be more highly linked to the development of poor health outcomes than internalizing symptoms.
Not exact matches
At 6 and 12 months after discharge, there was a significantly higher percentage of
control group children with clinically significant
externalizing symptoms (6 months, 14.3 %; 12 months, 22.2 %), compared with the COPE children (6 months, 1.8 %; 12 months, 4.5 %)(χ2 [1 df] at 6 months = 5.59, P <.05; χ2 [1 df] at 12 months = 5.23, P <.05).
COPE children, in comparison with
control children, exhibited significantly fewer withdrawal
symptoms 6 months after discharge, as well as fewer negative behavioral
symptoms and
externalizing behaviors at 12 months.
After
controlling for the child's age and sex and adjusting for baseline severity of child and maternal
symptoms, there was a significantly larger decrease in internalizing (adjusted mean score difference, 8.6; P <.001),
externalizing (6.6; P =.004), and total (8.7; P <.001)
symptoms among children of mothers who had a remission from major depressive disorder over the 3 - month period than among children of mothers whose major depressive disorder did not remit (Table 4).
From pregnancy to 36 months postpartum, intervention mothers had significantly greater parenting knowledge and parenting locus of
control; fewer depressive
symptoms and
externalizing problems; lower past month marijuana and illegal drug use.
Children who have disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure have been shown to be vulnerable to stress, have problems with regulation and
control of negative emotions, and display oppositional, hostile - aggressive behaviours, and coercive styles of interaction.2, 3 They may exhibit low self - esteem, internalizing and
externalizing problems in the early school years, poor peer interactions, unusual or bizarre behaviour in the classroom, high teacher ratings of dissociative behaviour and internalizing
symptoms in middle childhood, high levels of teacher - rated social and behavioural difficulties in class, low mathematics attainment, and impaired formal operational skills.3 They may show high levels of overall psychopathology at 17 years.3 Disorganized attachment with a primary attachment figure is over-represented in groups of children with clinical problems and those who are victims of maltreatment.1, 2,3 A majority of children with early disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure during infancy go on to develop significant social and emotional maladjustment and psychopathology.3, 4 Thus, an attachment - based intervention should focus on preventing and / or reducing disorganized attachment.
If males are more likely to have
externalizing symptoms, they may also be more likely to have poor adherence and metabolic
control.
After
controlling for the overlap between internalizing and
externalizing symptoms, familial risk to
externalizing behaviors (FR - EXT) is specifically associated with
externalizing but not with internalizing psychopathology in the offspring [26].
Conclusions Results suggest that gender differences in adherence may be attributed, in part, to gender differences in
externalizing symptoms in urban youth with poor metabolic
control.
In a longitudinal study with an urban, economically disadvantaged sample with relatively poor metabolic
control (mean HbA1C of 11.1), Cohen, Lumley, Naar - King, Partridge, and Cakan (2004) found associations between
externalizing symptoms, but not internalizing, and metabolic
control.
Some studies have found that both internalizing and
externalizing mental health
symptoms have been associated with poorer metabolic
control in adolescents (La Greca, Swales, Klemp, Madigan, & Skyler, 1995; Leonard, Jang, Savik, Plumbo, & Christensen, 2002; Lernmark, Persson, Fisher, & Rydelius, 1999).
In multivariate models simultaneously including ODD diagnosis and CU levels,
controlling by socioeconomic status, ethnicity, sex, severity of conduct disorder
symptoms and other comorbidity, high CU scores were related to higher levels of aggression, withdrawn,
externalizing and global symptomatology, functional impairment and higher probability of comorbid disorders and use of services.
Although studies have found that the effects of internalizing
symptoms on adolescent SU are diminished when statistically
controlling for
externalizing symptoms (e.g., King et al. 2004), few studies have considered
externalizing symptoms as a potential moderator.
Although there is no hypothesized biological mechanism linking
externalizing symptoms to metabolic
control, aggression and conduct problems can interfere with the adolescent's ability to follow the rules associated with the diabetes regimen such as administering insulin at the right times and following a diet, which in turn can lead to poor metabolic
control.
While parental involvement that is perceived as collaborative has been associated with better glycemic
control, quality of life, and fewer depressive
symptoms in youth (Ellis et al., 2007; Wiebe et al., 2005), evidence suggests that overinvolved, harsh, or intrusive parenting behaviors significantly contribute to the development of internalizing and
externalizing problems in youth (Lovejoy, Graczyk, O'Hare, & Neuman, 2000).
Results indicated improvements on personal goals, internalizing and
externalizing symptoms, attention problems, self -
control, happiness, and mindful awareness.
Consistent with hypotheses, we found that adolescents raised in cohesive or balanced climates fared better in terms of internalizing
symptoms,
externalizing symptoms, and self - concept as compared to adolescents raised in conflictual or
controlling climates.
Maternal depressive
symptoms were associated with high maternal warmth, and high psychological
control was associated with high levels of mother - reported
externalizing mental health problems in children.
These findings are consistent with those of Pieters et al. (2015) who found that sleep problems prospectively predicted increased substance use, internalizing
symptoms, and
externalizing problems 1 year later in a sample of 555 adolescents (ages 11 — 16 years), even after
controlling for baseline levels of adjustment, age, sex, and pubertal development.
Mutual relations between mothers» depressive
symptoms and hostile -
controlling behavior and young children's
externalizing and internalizing behavior problems
About 5 % of all children in the Western world fulfill diagnostic criteria for attention deficit — hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 1 and a large proportion of such children are treated pharmacologically.2 ADHD has been associated with criminality3, 4 and
externalizing disorders.5 Beneficial short - term effects of ADHD medication on
symptoms of ADHD and associated conduct problems have been shown in numerous randomized,
controlled studies involving children6 - 8 and adults.9 - 11 ADHD
symptoms are largely persistent from childhood into adulthood, 12 but one prominent feature of ADHD treatment is that the discontinuation of medication is common, 13,14 especially in adolescence and early adulthood.15 The importance of treatment discontinuation for criminality and other longer - term outcomes is largely unknown.