Until now, estimates of shale gas production have primarily relied on models established for
conventional oil and gas wells, which behave differently from the horizontal wells in gas - rich shales.
Levels of contamination were just as high in wastewater coming from
conventional oil and gas wells as from hydraulically fractured shale gas wells.
To conduct the new study, the researchers collected and analyzed 44 samples of waters produced from
conventional oil and gas wells in New York and Pennsylvania and 31 samples of flowback waters from hydraulically fractured shale gas wells in Pennsylvania and Arkansas.
Not exact matches
ARC Energy Research Institute forecasts $ 30 billion will be spent in
conventional and tight
oil and gas formations in Canada this year, which is more than twice the $ 12 billion in investment projected to go into the oilsands, but still
well below the peak of $ 46 billion spent in Canadian
conventional oil and gas production in 2014.
Waters produced from unconventional
oil and gas wells typically have radium isotope ratios (radium - 228 to radium - 226) that are different than those from
conventional oil and gas operations, he said.
«By measuring naturally occurring ammonium
and iodide in numerous samples from different geological formations in the Appalachian Basin, including flowback waters from shale
gas wells in the Marcellus
and Fayetteville shale formations, we show that fracking fluids are not much different from
conventional oil and gas wastes,» said Jennifer S. Harkness, lead author of the study
and a PhD student at Duke's Nicholas School of the Environment.
«It's not only fracking fluids that pose a risk; produced water from
conventional, or non-fracked,
oil and gas wells also contains high levels of radium, which is a radioactive element.
They looked both at
wells used for enhanced
oil recovery — in which fluid is injected to flush lingering
oil from a depleted reservoir —
and at those used to dispose of wastewater from
conventional oil and gas extraction or from hydraulic fracturing (fracking).
We encourage you to investigate
and include significant direct
and indirect emissions from all fuels, including
conventional petroleum, heavy oils, natural
gas for transportation,
oil sand - based fuels,
and the range of fuels used to power electrified transportation, consistent with the
best available science.
There's a 150 year history of inadequate public record keeping of producing
and abandoned
conventional U.S.
oil and gas fields, pools
and wells.
I wrote before, «Easily available reserves of
conventional oil and gas are enough to take atmospheric CO2
well above 400 ppm, which is unsafe for life on earth.»
Found in limestone
and shale deposits, tight
oil isn't extracted from
wells like
conventional oil, but is removed with hydraulic fracturing, or «fracking» — a process that also releases methane, a potent greenhouse
gas.
If combustion of the final products is included, the so - called «
Well to Wheels» approach,
oil sands extraction, upgrade
and use emits 10 to 45 % more greenhouse
gases than
conventional crude.
The European Biodiesel Board says that biodiesel reduces greenhouse
gasses by 50 to 95 percent compared to
conventional fuel,
and has other advantages as
well, like providing new income for farmers
and energy security for Europe in the face of rising global
oil prices
and shrinking supply.
Over the years it's morphed with the culture into a sort of
good carbs / bad carbs permutation that has activists protesting fracking
and the Keystone pipeline (gooey tar sands may be the gluten in this metaphor) while leaving
conventional gas,
oil,
and coal consumption relatively unscathed.
Named the U.S. News & World Report -
Best Lawyers» 2015 Law Firm of the Year for Energy, our team serves the electric power sector (
conventional, nuclear, renewable, including wind
and solar,
and transmission), the
oil and gas sector (upstream, midstream,
and liquefied natural
gas, refining,
and petrochemicals), the water industry,
and financial institutions, investment funds, project developers, state - owned enterprises,
and public - private partnerships in the energy sector.
This masks a healthy
conventional oil and gas sector that has demands for offshore
and onshore upstream workers, such as geoscientists
and reservoir engineers, as
well as downstream sales
and marketing professionals.
Ideal Companies: Fortune 500, Major
Oil and Gas Co.'s, Seismic Exploration Co.'s, commercial marine captain's pilots license (U.S.C.G.), Environmental Oceanographic
and Land regulatory, Merger, Acquisition, Real - estate development, Investment Banking, Turn - Key Commercial Construction as
well as Residential, Optic Fiber, Global Positioning Systems (G.P.S.) Satellite
and Conventional Land Surveying
and Map Making, Computer hardware
and Software literate, ArcGIS, Please refer to «Resume / Brief» for more complete information