Let me try to be more explicit: if you want to assume (or, if you prefer, conclude) that aerosols produced by the increased burning of fossil fuels after WWII had a cooling effect that essentially cancelled out the warming that would be expected as a result of the release of CO2 produced by that burning, then it's only logical to conclude that there exists a certain ratio between the warming and
cooling effects produced by that same burning.
Not exact matches
Cold humidifiers
produce an opposite
effect, and make the air feel
cooler when the fan blows air over the evaporative wick filter.
Merino creates a micro-climate around your baby's body, gaining or losing heat as required to
produce warmth in
cool conditions and enhance
cooling effects in warm conditions.
wide - angle lenses give some really
cool looking
effects so shooting video with this one is going to
produce some really
cool results.
Backlit: Some amps are lit behind the logo and
produce a really
cool visual
effect depending on where you mount them.
Climate models show that the additional particles caused by human activity
produce a
cooling effect which partially offsets the greenhouse
effect.
The soot
produced by burning fossil fuels has a stronger warming
effect because it contains a higher ratio of black carbon to sulfate, which reflects sunlight to
produce a
cooling effect.
At any given time, clouds cover about 70 percent of the Earth's surface and together
produce a net
cooling effect on the planet.
The early presence of plants and fungi on land would have reduced the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,
producing a
cooling effect, the authors note.
The boats
produce other short - lived pollutants, such as sulfur oxides and black carbon, which have
cooling and warming
effects, respectively.
The experiment monitors germanium detectors,
cooled to a fraction of a degree above absolute zero, for subtle vibration and ionization
effects that would be
produced by WIMPs colliding with germanium nuclei.
Innovative urban design could create increased access to active transport.99 The compact geographical area found in cities presents opportunities to reduce energy use and emissions of heat - trapping gases and other air pollutants through active transit, improved building construction, provision of services, and infrastructure creation, such as bike paths and sidewalks.303, 318 Urban planning strategies designed to reduce the urban heat island
effect, such as green /
cool roofs, increased green space, parkland and urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could
produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311, 303
Unlike some other heat - regulating technologies, this material relies on a passive heating and
cooling effect, which means it doesn't need outside power to do the job, which should make it easier to
produce and maintain.
Now if this was the 1980s they might have had a point, but the fact that aerosols are an important climate forcing, have a net
cooling effect on climate and, in part, arise from the same industrial activities that
produce greenhouse gases, has been part of mainstream science for 30 years.
The net
effect of human - generated aerosols is more complicated and regionally variable — for example, in contrast to the local warming
effect of the Asian Brown Cloud, global shipping
produces large amounts of
cooling reflective sulphate aerosols: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/08/990820022710.htm
The
effects of aerosol injections are at least somewhat known, since volcanic eruptions
produce aerosols naturally and have
produced cooling in the past.
In short, perspiration is the body's internal
cooling system and since your body's internal temperature rises during exercise, it automatically begins
producing sweat in response to temperature changes with the purpose of avoiding the dangerous
effects of elevated temperature on internal organs.
In addition to fresh
produce, focus on other foods that help
cool inflammation instead of processed foods, which have the opposite
effect.
Over-the-counter sprays like Chloraseptic ($ 6; amazon.com)
produce an
effect similar to
cooling lozenges.
Most sugar alcohols
produce a
cooling effect in the mouth.
Claimed to smoothe skin, improve its appearance, and
produce a
cooling effect, but further studies are needed.
Essentially, SFI D - 4 integrates two types of fuel injection: A direct - type high - pressure fuel injection system, which provides a
cooling effect in the cylinders and enables the high compression ratio (11.8:1) employed to extract maximum energy from the fuel; and a set of low - pressure port fuel injectors that help
produce a precise burn to optimize power and efficiency under light - and medium - load conditions.
D - 4S integrates two types of fuel injection: a direct - type high - pressure fuel injection system, which provides a
cooling effect in the cylinders and enables the high compression ratio (11.8:1) employed to extract maximum energy from the fuel; and a set of low - pressure port fuel injectors that help
produce a precise burn to optimise power and efficiency under light and medium - load conditions.
When dogs pant, they breathe out water - saturated air and this
produces a
cooling effect for them.
One of the really
cool things about this game is that the developers have
produced an engine that they claim will allow for battles of up to 500 players without sacrificing frame rate or
effect quality.
Rich environments: We pushed our artists to the limits to
produce the best immersive, atmospheric backgrounds, smoothest animations, and
coolest special
effects, setting a new benchmark for 2D games.
But the
effect is mesmerising, the painting's intentions so elusive as to come across like a force of nature, even as it recalls the
cool repetition of mass -
produced graphics.
In the 1950s, Hofmann made his most famous series of paintings, in which he explored the relativity of color, developing his «push - pull» theory and technique by which warm and
cool colors interact to
produce effects of movement, space, and depth.
In any event he says that CO2 actually
produces a
cooling effect.
One of the things I'm having trouble with is the uncertainties of aerosals and their
effects on
cooling, or the possibility of volcanic eruptions
producing particles that result in
cooling.
It is conceivable that aerosol
effects (which includes «smoke») could also affect the lapse rate, but the aerosols tend to warm where they are located and depending on the composition,
cool below — this gives an impact that — if it was a large factor in the tropical mean — would
produce changes even larger than predicted from the moist adiabatic theory.
Note to reporters: a scientist's willingness to make predictions of the future is an indication of the current level of understanding of the science; for example Hansen et al predicted that Pinatubo's eruption in 1991 would
produce a significant aerosol
cooling effect, and they were right; but would anyone be willing to predict that La Nina (assuming conditions set in) will result in a record hurricane season this fall?
I'm pretty sure you can get the grey version of that into a strat -
cooling / trop - warming situation if you pick the strat absorbers right, but Andy is certainly right that non-grey
effects play a crucial role in explaining quantitatively what is going on in the real atmosphere (that's connected with the non-grey explanation for the anomalously cold tropopause which I have in Chapter 4, and also with the reason that aerosols do not
produce stratospheric
cooling, and everything depends a lot on what level you are looking at).
It's negative because clearing rainforests to plant endless fields of identical crops increases the albedo, reflecting more sunlight and
producing a slight
cooling effect.
EVERY revision of NASA data has had the
effect of
producing greater warming in the present and greater
cooling of the past (increasing temperature trends where the raw data have none).
Interestingly, the paper «Climate Trends and Global food production since 1980» (Lobell, Schlenker, Costa - Roberts, in Sciencexpress, 5 May, Science 1204531) confirms my finding of the absence of climate change in the USA: «A notable exception to the [global] warming pattern is the United States, which
produces c. 40 % of global maize and soybean and experienced a slight
cooling over the period... the country with largest overall share of crop production (United States) showed no [adverse]
effect due to the lack of significant climate trends».
Innovative urban design could create increased access to active transport.99 The compact geographical area found in cities presents opportunities to reduce energy use and emissions of heat - trapping gases and other air pollutants through active transit, improved building construction, provision of services, and infrastructure creation, such as bike paths and sidewalks.303, 318 Urban planning strategies designed to reduce the urban heat island
effect, such as green /
cool roofs, increased green space, parkland and urban canopy, could reduce indoor temperatures, improve indoor air quality, and could
produce additional societal co-benefits by promoting social interaction and prioritizing vulnerable urban populations.311, 303
Seafloor sediments show that during past ice ages, more iron - rich dust blew from chilly, barren landmasses into the oceans, apparently
producing more algae in these areas and, presumably, a natural
cooling effect.
So, the direct
effect of aerosols is fairly well understood, and
produces a
cooling effect?
@FerdiEgb — the direct
effect of aerosols is fairly well understood, and
produces a
cooling effect — it is not just a convenient way to explain the flat period.
When the next eruption occurs at Katla, the enormous amount of ash
produced would likely cause a similar
cooling effect on Earth's climate, potentially leading to famines that could kill hundreds of thousands of people worldwide.
During this two - week transition period, any water vapor excess (or deficit) relative to the equilibrium distribution did of course
produce a radiative greenhouse heating (or
cooling)
effect, but this «virtual forcing» was very transient in nature, without any lasting impact on the global temperature.
The causal case is a cumulative case of: 1) correlation + 2) well - evidenced mechanism (i.e. plausibility) + 3) primacy, where the proposed cause occurs before the
effect + 4) robustness of the correlation under multiple tests / conditions + 5) experimental evidence that adding the cause subsequently results in the
effect + 6) exclusion of other likely causes (see point 7 as well) + 7) specificity, where the
effect having hallmarks of the cause (ex: the observed tropospheric warming and stratopsheric
cooling, is a hallmark of greenhouse - gas - induced warming, not warming from solar forcing) 8) a physical gradient (or a dose - response), where more of the cause
produces a larger
effect, or more of the cause is more likely to
produce the
effect +....
Even though La Niña
produces an overall
cooling effect over the eastern Pacific, the associated strengthening of the subtropical high - pressure system and trade winds causes warm water to accumulate more in the western Pacific.
Because the cloud
effect is self limiting, it's instantly reversible as ice cover stops fauna and flora from
producing aerosols in the
cooling World, so allows the IA.
Combinations of the two
effects could
produce a
cooling cycle in which the climate alternatively warms then
cools.
One reason is that the same fires and factories that
produce black carbon also
produce other particulates and gases that actually have a
cooling effect on the climate.
Instead of responding only to the
cooler temperatures, the tree rings also included signals from reduced light availability (from the shading
effect of volcanic aerosols) and the two
effects together
produced a signal greater than what would have been
produced by
cooler temperatures alone.
Though natural variability (external and internally generated — including the
cooling effect of naturally
produced aerosols) would affect the final temperature achieved, this would not affect the calculation of TCR as long as natural variability is accounted for.
«Residual analysis does not provide any evidence for a substantial
cooling effect due to sulfate aerosols from 1940 to 1970... sulfate aerosols
produced by volcanoes or industrial emissions no doubt have a
cooling effect»