The experience
of interpersonal distress during childhood is also
correlated with depression, aggression, and drug
misuse (e.g., cigarette smoking,
alcohol consumption, and illegal drug use) later in life (DeFronzo and Pawlak, 1993; Anda et al., 1999; Nation and Heflinger, 2006; Leeb et al., 2011; Shonkoff et al., 2012).