Researchers might conduct
correlational studies of existing cases, as Long and Christenson did in their study of readability and success on appeal241 or as Moss did in his mixed - methods study of employment discrimination summary judgment motions.242 Or they might conduct an experiment asking participants to simulated cases, as in the proposed modification of Chestek's study of preferences for narrative elements in briefs.243 Alternatively, researchers could conduct qualitative studies of decision - makers believe that legal writing influences their decisions.
For example,
a correlational study of two American subgroups — one from La Leche League and one control group — found that frequent feedings reduced crying in babies who were two months old but did not make a difference for four - month - old babies.
Young adults with thinner cortex in particular brain regions are more impulsive during a decision - making task than teens with thicker cortex, according to a large
correlational study of adolescents from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort.
This report describes the results of
a correlational study of Leveled Literacy Intervention (LLI) that took place during the 2010 — 11 school year.
Not exact matches
Take a look at the relative influence
of ranking factors, according to
correlational studies by Moz and SearchMetrics:
In addition, increasingly sophisticated statistical modeling techniques were applied to
correlational studies to aid understanding
of the results.
Such findings are consistent with the results
of a weaker,
correlational study (Mandel et al 2005).
One
of the major areas scientists have been investigating under the program is the link between BPA and diabetes, which has shown up in
correlational studies.
The
study is
correlational and can't identify the mechanism underlying this relationship, but one can imagine that it «could be that beliefs about the role
of women in science change as more women enter science, that more women enter science when these beliefs change, or a combination.
Previous
studies have found
correlational evidence
of consumer's exposure to corporation's social media.
To follow up this
correlational data with experimental evidence, the researchers conducted a second
study in which they presented participants with the same pictures used in Study 1, but this time one of the pictures was manipulated to have either a smile or a neutral expres
study in which they presented participants with the same pictures used in
Study 1, but this time one of the pictures was manipulated to have either a smile or a neutral expres
Study 1, but this time one
of the pictures was manipulated to have either a smile or a neutral expression.
In addition, the new
study is the first to provide information on self - reported aggression
of drivers in the Republic
of Ireland and is also the first to support the proposed relationship between impulsivity and driving anger with more than
correlational analysis, which provides only limited information about the relationships between variables.
Personally, I have a pet project — a worldwide ban on
correlational studies, kind
of like with chemical weapons, etc..
When it comes to fish oils I certainly feel that the benefits completely outweigh the results
of this one statistical
correlational study.
A few
correlational studies have shown individuals consuming 8 cups
of water per day are less likely to suffer from
This
study of 1,159 seventh graders, using both a
correlational and quasi-experimental approach, compared students participating in the Concept - Oriented Reading Instruction (CORI) program who also had traditional instruction to students in only a traditional reading / language arts program.
These
studies have subsequently been shown to be based on flawed methodology (for example, low number
of subjects and accidental use
of a
correlational score as an effect size — e.g. using R instead
of Cohen's D)(Hattie, 2009)-RRB-.
A trove
of correlational studies have also demonstrated benefits for high school athletes, including higher grades, increased graduation and college completion rates, and a decrease in various antisocial behaviors.
In contrast, ESSA defines four levels
of «evidence - based» practices: «strong,» with at least one well - designed and well - implemented experimental
study with a statistically significant, positive effect; «moderate,» with at least one well - designed and well - implemented quasi-experimental
study such as a matched - comparison group; «promising,» with at least one well - designed and well - implemented
correlational study with statistical controls for selection bias.
With any
correlational study, attributing causality is problematic; the differences among nations could be due to any number
of factors.
Beginning with the leadership
of Russ Whitehurst at the Institute
of Education Sciences, IES has begun shifting its grants and contracts away from
correlational studies like Coleman's and toward those that evaluate interventions with random - assignment and other quasi-experimental designs.
-- Dorothy Smit, A
correlational study between length
of tenure and MI
of expatriates in Qatar.
Of 544 potential
studies, 19
studies met the inclusion criteria: 3 experimental, 1 quasi-experimental, 5 qualitative, 5 mixed methods, 4
correlational, and 1 descriptive.
Of the
studies that exist, only a few have statistically controlled variables: Most are case or
correlational studies and rely on data self - reported by school districts.
Findings from a large number
of correlational studies on language have shown that frequency
of exposure strongly predicts word learning and seems to have long - range consequences for later language and reading levels.35 Although this finding is often mentioned in the literature, what is new is that we may have underestimated the frequency required to learn words.
The science
of teaching could best be advanced by taking the findings on effective teaching behaviors uncovered through
correlational studies and putting them to the test in true experimental
studies where the causal relationships are fully revealed.
«Obtaining evidence
of effectiveness involves designing and conducting rigorous experimental, quasi-experimental or
correlational studies,» explained Carter.
Altogether, three sets
of variables were examined in the
correlational study, as indicated in Figure 1.
Experimental psychologists do experiments,
correlational studies, and naturalistic observations to
study a whole range
of human behaviors and psychological phenomena.
Although there are some issues with the scientific literature (e.g. most
studies are
correlational and do not prove causation, and difficulties with interpreting cortisol results), Ziv's literature review concludes by saying it's time for a new program
of research into reward - based methods.
Carrick «Keep in mind the estimates for the half - life
of CO2 emissions is on the order 800 years (based on
correlational studies)» niclewis September 24, 2014 at 3:00 pm I'm not sure that is supported by good observational evidence.
Carrick «Keep in mind the estimates for the half - life
of CO2 emissions is on the order 800 years (based on
correlational studies)»
The
study presents both
correlational and experimental evidence confirming that cultural cognition shapes individuals» beliefs about the existence
of scientific consensus, and the process by which they form such beliefs, relating to climate change, the disposal
of nuclear wastes, and the effect
of permitting concealed possession
of handguns.
Illustrations
of Content Analysis:
Correlational Studies IV.
Thus, this body
of work moves beyond
correlational studies that have shown associations between social class and outcomes and instead provides causal evidence linking increased income in poor families to improvements in outcomes in a number
of domains.
In addition, due to the
correlational nature
of the
study, we can not truly say whether the first sexual experience actually affected subsequent experiences.
The present
study is an applied research in terms
of purpose and a descriptive and
correlational research in terms
of the method
of data collection, which has been conducted to examine the relationship between attachment styles and the manner
of using the mobile phone.
In terms
of purpose, the present
study is an applied research and in terms
of the method
of data collection, it is a descriptive and
correlational study.
Although most
studies in the field
of aggressive behavior, violence and delinquency are
correlational, there is some prospective evidence that low self - esteem is a risk factor in the development
of problem behavior.
Like the
studies of parenting and friendship discussed earlier, most
of these
studies are
correlational and provide no controls for genetic effects, so the results are uninterpretable.
This is important given that
correlational studies can not disentangle effects
of parenting from gene - environment correlations (ie, maltreating parents may also transmit genes predisposing to abnormal HPA functioning to their children).
Most
of the behaviors thought
of as socialized (or unsocialized) are influenced by genetic factors as well as by learning, so
correlational studies that provide no control for genetic factors can produce results — correlations between a child's behavior in different contexts — that look like generalization.
Thus, many
studies have relied on cross-sectional,
correlational methods which prevent inferences regarding the direction
of influence.
First, a causal - relationship is not deduced in this
study due to the
correlational nature
of analysis.
They report, «evidence from behaviour genetics research and epidemiological,
correlational and experimental
studies shows that parenting practices have a major influence on many different domains
of children's development.
As this first
study was
correlational, the second
study was designed to directly manipulate degree
of stigma to examine its effect on perceived love.
It is important to keep in mind that the results
of such
studies are
correlational.
Because this
study was
correlational, we can not conclude that low levels
of depression and high levels
of optimism resulted in those individuals being better emotion regulators; however, these results still propose a possible profile
of someone who would be successful during online emotion regulation.
And finally, our
correlational study can not address issues
of causality; that is, we can not know whether perceptions
of balance versus imbalance in relationship work contribute to feelings
of satisfaction and commitment, or whether feelings
of satisfaction and commitment influence perceptions
of mutuality with respect to relationship work.
So far, nearly all
of these
studies have been
correlational.