Two met the «promising» standard, requiring at least one
correlational study with positive effects.
In contrast, ESSA defines four levels of «evidence - based» practices: «strong,» with at least one well - designed and well - implemented experimental study with a statistically significant, positive effect; «moderate,» with at least one well - designed and well - implemented quasi-experimental study such as a matched - comparison group; «promising,» with at least one well - designed and well - implemented
correlational study with statistical controls for selection bias.
Not exact matches
Such findings are consistent
with the results of a weaker,
correlational study (Mandel et al 2005).
In a
correlational study lower average regional intelligence was found to be linked
with higher infectious disease rates.
Young adults
with thinner cortex in particular brain regions are more impulsive during a decision - making task than teens
with thicker cortex, according to a large
correlational study of adolescents from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort.
To follow up this
correlational data
with experimental evidence, the researchers conducted a second
study in which they presented participants with the same pictures used in Study 1, but this time one of the pictures was manipulated to have either a smile or a neutral expres
study in which they presented participants
with the same pictures used in
Study 1, but this time one of the pictures was manipulated to have either a smile or a neutral expres
Study 1, but this time one of the pictures was manipulated to have either a smile or a neutral expression.
In addition, the new
study is the first to provide information on self - reported aggression of drivers in the Republic of Ireland and is also the first to support the proposed relationship between impulsivity and driving anger
with more than
correlational analysis, which provides only limited information about the relationships between variables.
Personally, I have a pet project — a worldwide ban on
correlational studies, kind of like
with chemical weapons, etc..
With any
correlational study, attributing causality is problematic; the differences among nations could be due to any number of factors.
Beginning
with the leadership of Russ Whitehurst at the Institute of Education Sciences, IES has begun shifting its grants and contracts away from
correlational studies like Coleman's and toward those that evaluate interventions
with random - assignment and other quasi-experimental designs.
The researchers noted, however, that «the relationships here are
correlational, not causal,» and the finding could be at odds
with another finding from the
study.13 Separately, the VAL - ED principal performance assessment (developed
with support from The Wallace Foundation) measures principals on community and parent engagement.14 Vanderbilt researchers who developed the assessment are undertaking further
study on how important this practice is in affecting students, achievement.
Although there are some issues
with the scientific literature (e.g. most
studies are
correlational and do not prove causation, and difficulties
with interpreting cortisol results), Ziv's literature review concludes by saying it's time for a new program of research into reward - based methods.
The research is
correlational, meaning that we have not attempted to increase couples» sexual frequency; instead, we
studied naturally occurring sexual frequency and its association
with well - being.
And finally, our
correlational study can not address issues of causality; that is, we can not know whether perceptions of balance versus imbalance in relationship work contribute to feelings of satisfaction and commitment, or whether feelings of satisfaction and commitment influence perceptions of mutuality
with respect to relationship work.
Virtually all the work to be considered derives from
correlational (and sometimes longitudinal)
studies linking some putative determinant
with some feature of parenting.
Since
correlational analyses revealed that the dependent variables in the current
study were in general quite strongly correlated
with each other, a MANOVA was conducted
with pregnancy as a factor and participants» satisfaction
with the relationship, satisfaction
with the partner, relationship satisfaction, partner's mate value, own mate value, and mean self - esteem as dependent variables.
These findings are consistent
with previous
correlational studies in similar populations, 20 but the small effect of depressive symptoms on disability is interesting, given previous findings that patients
with both depression and pain are more recalcitrant to rehabilitative treatment than those without depression.
In particular, literature focused primarily on
correlational studies,
with a less intense focus on experimental manipulations.