The modulation potential used in the calculations is based on the composite of data determined from
the cosmogenic isotope records of 10Be and a neutron monitor.
c) Average sunspot number prediction by a low - frequency modulation model (dotted curve) based on frequency analysis from sunspot and
cosmogenic isotope records, compared to the average sunspot number since 1750 (continuous curve).
Wang, Lean, and Sheeley (2005) compared a flux transport model with geomagnetic activity and
cosmogenic isotope records and to derive a reconstruction of TSI since 1713.
For the Holocene,
the cosmogenic isotope records of 10Be from WAIS Divide and 14C for IntCal13 demonstrated that WD2014 was consistently accurate to better than 0.5 % of the age.
It of course echoes global temperature, the state of the Pacific and
the cosmogenic isotope record.
This grand solar maximum has persisted for longer than most previous examples in
the cosmogenic isotope record and is expected to end soon.»
«In conclusion, our model results indicate that the range of NH - temperature reconstructions and natural forcing histories (
cosmogenic isotope record as a proxy for solar forcing, and volcanic forcing) constrain the natural contribution to 20th century warming to be 0.2 °C.
The cosmogenic isotope record indicates that pattern correlates with a Heinrich event.
Prior to direct telescopic measurements of sunspots, which commenced around 1610, knowledge of solar activity is inferred indirectly from the 14C and 10Be
cosmogenic isotope record in tree rings and ice cores, respectively, which exhibit solar related cycles near 90, 200 and 2,300 years.
The parallels with
the cosmogenic isotope record suggest solar modulation.
Not exact matches
Researchers for over a century have therefore taken any climate
records they can find and searched for correlations to the sunspots, the solar - cycle length, geomagnetic indices,
cosmogenic isotopes or smoothed versions thereof (and there are many ways to do the smoothing, and you don't even need to confine yourself to one single method per
record).
We only have direct observations of total solar irradiance (TSI) since the beginning of the satellite era and substantial evidence for variations in the level of solar activity (from
cosmogenic isotopes or sunspot
records) in the past.
Over even longer time scales (hundreds of years) there are a number of paleo -
records that correlate with
records of
cosmogenic isotopes (particularly 10Be and 14C), however, these
records are somewhat modulated by climate processes themselves (the carbon cycle in the case of 14C, aerosol deposition and transport processes for 10Be) and so don't offer an absolutely clean attribution.
Different
records of solar activity (Wolf and group sunspot number, data on
cosmogenic isotopes, historic data) were analyzed by means of modern statistical methods, including one especially developed for this purpose.
«The solar and volcanic forcings we use are derived from reconstructions based on proxy data and are therefore also subject to considerable uncertainties, although recent explosive volcanic eruptions are likely to have cooled climate, and independent
records of solar activity levels inferred from the
cosmogenic isotope 10Be (43) and geomagnetic
records (44) provide support to reconstructions (22, 45) that show generally increasing solar activity during the 20th century (12).»
The paleoclimatic
record shows cycles of warming and cooling that correlate changes of
cosmogenic isotopes.
«Recently, Abreu et al. (2012, hereafter A2012) made a new attempt in this direction by comparing periodicities detected in the
records of
cosmogenic isotopes 10Be and 14C (or quantities derived from them) as proxies for solar activity in the past 9400 years with those of the torque exerted on a thin shell of an ellipsoidally deformed Sun.»