Like most technology, bringing down
the costs of carbon capture technology will need a lot of investment and time.
Complaints focus on the environmental impacts of mountaintop removal mining, the projected high
costs of carbon capture and storage, the human health dangers of large, rapid releases of carbon dioxide, the global warming risk posed by small levels leakage over long periods, increases in coal mining needed to run scrubbers as well as carbon capture and storage systems.
With the energy
costs of carbon capture still very high, the question of whether CCS is taken up in practice will be answered by the carbon price and the cost of the technology.
The costs of carbon capture retrofitted to an existing cola plant have been estimated (in an actual engineering analysis, not some whimsical guess) at an additional 6 - 8 cents per kwhr to capture 90 % of the CO2 content.
Concerns about
the costs of carbon capture and storage (CCS) persist.
For the consumer, the extra
cost of carbon capture would therefore amount to about $ 0.04 per kilowatt - hour.
However — even including
the cost of carbon capture and storage — the U.S. Energy Information Administration's 2012 Annual Energy Outlook predicts that five years from now gas - fired power will be less expensive than wind, and about half the cost of state - of - the - art solar power.
Not exact matches
«At some point, the
cost of capture intersects with the
cost of carbon, and all
of a sudden you don't have to subsidize industry to do it,» explains Rob Savage, director
of Alberta Environment's Climate Change Secretariat.
A model
carbon -
capture plant being built in Mississippi has encountered repeated delays and huge
cost overruns that will make it one
of the most expensive power plants ever built.
It is the combination
of future climate change policy (
carbon price) and technology
cost declines will make
capture at the more expensive sites viable.
«Previous governments in Alberta and Ottawa offered to provide a subsidy
of $ 779 milliontoward the $ 1.4 - billion price tag for TransAlta's proposed coal - fired
carbon capture and storage project, but even with taxpayers shouldering more than half the
cost, there wasn't a viable business case and the project was shelved.
Researchers have now found a way to use
carbon dioxide to enhance and expand geothermal energy, which can offset the
costs of capturing and storing the gas.
Adoption
of clean coal technologies like
carbon capture and storage also will be a heavy lift for the utility sector, since they can significantly drive up production
costs.
Development
of cost - effective means to separate
carbon dioxide during the production process will improve this advantage over other fossil fuels and enable the economic production
of gas resources with higher
carbon dioxide content that would be too costly to recover using current
carbon capture technologies, Tour said.
It refers to the phenomenon that a typical
carbon capture system requires a great deal
of electricity and thus saps power from a power plant and can cause electricity
costs to spike by 70 percent or more.
Emitting CO2 would need to
cost at least $ 30 per metric ton via a
carbon tax or a cap and trade market for any
of the various
carbon capture and sequestration technologies to be economically competitive, according to the report.
The University
of California, Davis, estimates that the
cost per gram
of hydrogen produced from the electrolysis
of water will remain more expensive than hydrogen produced from natural gas with
carbon capture and sequestration well through the end
of the decade.
The price would be roughly comparable to that
of capturing carbon dioxide at power plants and storing it underground, which would eventually
cost about $ 200 per ton
of carbon, according to a recent study from Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, compared with about $ 400 per ton
of carbon for the forests.
More than 100 gigawatts
of geothermal power (one tenth
of the current U.S. electrical generation) could be developed for $ 1 billion during the next 40 years — at the full
cost of one
carbon -
capturing coal - fired power plant or one - third the
cost of a new nuclear generator.
Yohe estimates the
cost of achieving a more modest goal
of holding warming to roughly 2 degrees C at a
cost of 0.5 to 1.5 percent
of gross domestic product for the U.S. by 2050, thanks to the expense incurred by, for example, replacing existing coal - fired power plants with renewables or retrofitting them with
carbon -
capture technology.
The President's initiative will empower young men and women to invent and commercialize advanced energy technologies such as efficient and
cost effective methods for converting sunlight to electricity and fuel,
carbon capture and sequestration, stationary and portable advanced batteries for plug - in electric cars, advanced energy storage concepts that will enable sustained energy supply from solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources, high - efficiency deployment
of power across «smart grids,» and
carbon neutral commercial and residential buildings.
«The break - even
carbon tariff we calculated, which is at the range
of $ 105 - 129 per ton
of carbon dioxide, depending on the possible
carbon tax to be imposed by these two regions in the near term, is close to the reported CO2
capture and sequestration
cost,» You said.
In
carbon capture, the core
of this expensive technology, statistics show Huaneng has already managed to reduce the
cost to a level that seems beyond some
of its peers.
The
cost of building and operating a CO2
capture process to treat 90 percent
of a plant's emissions is a major reason the energy industry has been reluctant to embrace
carbon capture on a large scale, Bara said.
Already, the buildup
of Shenhua's 300,000 - ton
carbon capture and storage project has
cost more than $ 32 million.
Less work required to
capture the same amount
of CO2 results in lowering the
cost of using CCUS technology, making coal - to - chemicals factories a promising sector to reduce
carbon emissions.
Dealing with the emissions
of CO2, the most ubiquitous greenhouse gas, will require
carbon capture and storage (CCS) for the ammonia, cement and iron industries — and that will
cost.
They are also a
cost - effective way
of improving storm - water absorption, small - scale
carbon capture, and providing insulation that reduces the air conditioning needs
of rooms below, he says.
What the authors would like to see is the prospect
of limited and expensive coal get a serious consideration; currently, most energy policy decisions, such as a focus on
carbon capture and storage for coal plants, assume that coal will remain cheap enough to compensate for its added
costs.
He said operational
costs need to fall to about $ 100 per ton
of captured carbon for the technology to be scalable.
We also need to calculate the
carbon costs of the mining, transport, and distribution, to be sure that more
carbon is being
captured that expended.
Understanding how the molecular composition
of the solvent can be manipulated and combined with catalysts to promote both
capture and conversion
of carbon dioxide holds the promise
of creating energy - efficient,
cost - effective,
carbon - neutral energy generation.
In 2005, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published a report on
carbon dioxide
capture and storage that was enthusiastic about the possibilities
of such technology, but downbeat on prospects for adoption given the
cost.
If we're going to address climate change, it's going to start with solutions experts agree on (efficiency, low - GHG sources such as nuclear,
carbon capture and storage, wind, geothermal, cellulosic biofuels, and eventually solar), and processes that experts agree on (increasing the
cost of GHG emissions, funding more R&D, mandates sometimes).
Both
of these options are
cost effective: by telling the power market to go someplace besides coal - and telling them to spare us the BS about future
carbon capture - incentives will increase to fund clean alternatives.
Placing so much emphasis solely on
carbon footprints gives traction to foolhardy ideas such as
carbon capture, iron seeding
of the ocean and the expansion
of nuclear power, which have no precedent in geologic history and seek to reduce net
carbon emissions at the
cost of much greater environmental damage.
To Cohen, the persistent China coal push points to the importance
of intensifying work on cutting the
costs of systems for
capturing smokestack
carbon dioxide and sequestering it underground.
By basing the levy on emissions rather than
carbon all greenhouse gases stand on a common level, sequestration is strongly encouraged as well as such simple things as
capturing methane from oil wells and garbage dumps (that gets built into the
cost of disposal).
That's why supporters
of carbon capture argue the technology deserves the same type
of support that helped now - mainstream and
cost - competitive technologies like wind and solar.
A coal power plant equipped with
carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology could meet the standard, but the EPA acknowledges that CCS is prohibitive, raising the
cost of generating electricity by as much as 80 %.
The company asked for a $ 334 million grant to cover about half
of the estimated
costs of installing
carbon capture and storage system.
A closer look at those few specific actionable proposals, which have been made to date (Hansen et al. shutdown
of US coal - fired plants, US plan for
carbon capture and storage outlined on an earlier thread here by Rutt Bridges) reveal that they would achieve essentially no change in our climate at an exorbitant
cost.
«We develop new technologies and reduce the
costs of renewables, new nuclear, environmental protection in natural gas production,
carbon capture and sequestration, really across the board,» Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz said in a May teleconference, describing his agency's actions on climate change.
Capturing the nearly pure stream
of CO2 emitted from corn ethanol refinery fermentation processes is cheaper however, and footing the bill for the added
costs associated with
carbon capture can be further offset by taking advantage
of the market for CO2 availed by EOR.
Due to the high
cost of capturing, transporting, and sequestering
carbon dioxide, EPA expects that any new coal fired power plants built in the foreseeable future will defray the
costs of CCS by selling its
carbon dioxide to oil companies, which can use the gas to help extract oil by displacing liquid fuels deep underground, in a process known as CO2 enhanced oil recovery (or CO2 - EOR).
Proposed methods
of extraction such as bioenergy with
carbon capture and storage (BECCS) or air
capture of CO2 imply minimal estimated
costs of 104 - 570 trillion dollars this century, with large risks and uncertain feasibility.
The US Department
of Energy (DOE) will award up to $ 14 million to six projects aimed at developing technologies to lower the
cost of producing electricity in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants using
carbon capture.
Yet demonstrating large - scale technologies — such as advanced modular nuclear reactors, floating deepwater wind turbines, or
carbon capture and storage technologies — typically
costs more than venture capitalists can finance alone, leaving a large «Valley
of Death» that kills off many promising technologies before they can enter the marketplace.
Carbon capture could reduce emissions from the electricity sector as well, but since it will raise the
cost of producing power, the technology will not be widely deployed until other nations adopt similar
carbon prices.
On the technology front, we are advancing
carbon capture and storage technologies with the potential to reduce significantly the
cost of lowering emissions.