The study, conducted
at the University of Rochester's Mt. Hope Family Center and published online today in Child Maltreatment, found that mothers who experienced more types of abuse as children — sexual abuse, physical or emotional abuse, and physical or emotional neglect — have higher
levels of
self -
criticism, and therefore greater doubt in their ability to be effective parents.
This helps ensure that the students who are functioning
at or above grade
level are not the only ones engaged in dynamic and high - interest instruction while the students who require additional remediation are sequestered
at the back of the room, poking buttons on a computer, a common
criticism of
self - paced invention strategies in public schools.
Compared with control children, they had more difficulties with friendships, 29 poorer theory of mind, 16 difficulties labelling and understanding the causes of common emotions, 16 increased fantasy proneness and difficulty distinguishing fantasy and reality, 31 increased negative attributional style, dysfunctional attitudes, rumination and
self -
criticism.32 They also experience difficulties in the mother — child relationship, with four studies reporting high
levels of disrupted attachment styles, 21, 29, 31, 32 and in role - play scenarios elevated
levels of role - reversal with parents, fear of abandonment, and negative expectations of parents.31 These factors are known to put children
at risk of poor mental health outcomes, and indeed, this appears to be the case.