The main problem in deep ice cores is the formation of clathrates, where CO2 (and N2 or O2) can hide, even if
crushed under vacuum.
In Grenoble, on every depth level one to three samples of about 40 g of ice are
crushed under vacuum conditions.
At closing depth, direct in - situ measurements of CO2 in firn, thus of still open bubbles, and from ice, thus already fully closed bubbles, via the normal route of drilling ice, transport,
crushing under vacuum, measuring the levels, both show the same CO2 levels.
Not exact matches
A metamaterial fine - tuned to stay the same size
under a wide range of pressures could be used to build equipment that withstands the
crushing pressures of the deep sea or the
vacuum of outer space.
The samples are
crushed by a cooled needle cracker
under vacuum conditions.