This research evaluated the potential for integrated biofilters (IBFs) consisting of a subsurface flow constructed wetlands, a living wall, and living columns to attenuate wastewater pollutants while converting wastewater into a water resource to reduce the temperature of building envelopes and
cultivate edible crops.
Edible grains comprise the majority of global
cultivated crops and provide the greatest percentage of consumed calories worldwide, in the form of corn, rice, wild rice, wheat, barley, rye, kamut, spelt, millet, oats, triticale, buckwheat, quinoa, teff, and amaranth.