This tradition stressed civil and political rights and generally neglected the social and economic and
cultural rights required for these civil and political rights to be realized even in Europe.
Not exact matches
While they were
right that containment of communism
required a military sword and shield, what finally brought communism down was the power of the appeal of freedom, which greater diplomatic and
cultural contact amplified.
But many American practices go against the grain of the more comfortable and communitarian
cultural systems of their own societies - the Japanese with life - long employment for their workers, the Germans with their unions having a say in management under co-determination, and the French with their government supporting the
right of unions to pressure business from retrenching, by
requiring large compensation to be paid to laid - off workers.»
Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
requires states to:
While Lelio admits that the subject matter alone
required substantial research and as many as 10 consultants throughout production («At the beginning it was a bit paralyzing... because we wanted to really get it
right in terms of the
cultural texture and all the
cultural nuances»), in the end, it simply came down to the emotional truths of these star - crossed women onscreen.
That document captures many ideas that are foundational to life in a democracy: «adequate protection of the human
rights and fundamental freedoms to which all persons are entitled, be they economic, social and
cultural, or civil and political,
requires that all persons have effective access to legal services provided by an independent legal profession.»
This is
required under Article 1 of the International Convention on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR) and Article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
This
right requires that Indigenous groups are able to maintain and protect the unique characteristics of their culture, thereby
requiring adequate protection of Indigenous spiritual and
cultural interests in land.
ii) Article 5
requires that, in accordance with the principle of effective participation, States guarantee the
right of everyone to equality before the law, including in relation to political
rights, the
right to own property (individually or communally), the
right to inherit and the
right to equal participation in
cultural activities.
New policies and laws relating to land use and development (including housing and associated infrastructure)
require an examination of how new interests and imperatives will impact upon (positively or negatively) Indigenous land,
cultural, human and native title
rights and interests.
This
requires a focus on gender equality; the
rights of children and a focus on the best interests of the child; as well as providing recognition and protection for
cultural diversity.
the
right of Indigenous people to effective participation in decisions affecting them, their lands and territories: as
required by ICCPR, Article 1 and the International Covenant on Economic Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Article 1.
The Human
Rights Committee, in relation to minority and Indigenous rights under ICCPR explained that countries joining ICCPR must take steps to protect those rights «With regard to the exercise of the cultural rights protected under article 27, the Committee observes that culture manifests itself in many forms, including a particular way of life associated with the use of land resources, especially in the case of Indigenous peoples... The enjoyment of those rights may require positive legal measures of protection», General Comment 23 The rights of minorities (8 April 1994) paragr
Rights Committee, in relation to minority and Indigenous
rights under ICCPR explained that countries joining ICCPR must take steps to protect those rights «With regard to the exercise of the cultural rights protected under article 27, the Committee observes that culture manifests itself in many forms, including a particular way of life associated with the use of land resources, especially in the case of Indigenous peoples... The enjoyment of those rights may require positive legal measures of protection», General Comment 23 The rights of minorities (8 April 1994) paragr
rights under ICCPR explained that countries joining ICCPR must take steps to protect those
rights «With regard to the exercise of the cultural rights protected under article 27, the Committee observes that culture manifests itself in many forms, including a particular way of life associated with the use of land resources, especially in the case of Indigenous peoples... The enjoyment of those rights may require positive legal measures of protection», General Comment 23 The rights of minorities (8 April 1994) paragr
rights «With regard to the exercise of the
cultural rights protected under article 27, the Committee observes that culture manifests itself in many forms, including a particular way of life associated with the use of land resources, especially in the case of Indigenous peoples... The enjoyment of those rights may require positive legal measures of protection», General Comment 23 The rights of minorities (8 April 1994) paragr
rights protected under article 27, the Committee observes that culture manifests itself in many forms, including a particular way of life associated with the use of land resources, especially in the case of Indigenous peoples... The enjoyment of those
rights may require positive legal measures of protection», General Comment 23 The rights of minorities (8 April 1994) paragr
rights may
require positive legal measures of protection», General Comment 23 The
rights of minorities (8 April 1994) paragr
rights of minorities (8 April 1994) paragraph 7.
Substantively, the
right of free, prior and informed consent is grounded in and is a function of indigenous peoples» inherent and prior
rights to freely determine their political status, freely pursue their economic, social and
cultural development and freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources - a complex (series) of inextricably related and interdependent
rights encapsulated in the
right to self - determination, to their lands, territories and resources, where applicable, from their treaty - based relationships, and their legitimate authority to
require that third parties enter into an equal and respectful relationships with them based on the principle of informed consent.
Right of Indigenous people to effective participation in decisions affecting them, their lands and territories as
required by: article 5 (c) of ICERD, article 1 of the ICCPR, and article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
In the
cultural context in which proof of these very difficult elements are
required, the amendments to s82 of the NTA can be seen as a further denial of the
rights of Indigenous people to
cultural equality.
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
requires that:
General Recommendation XXIII provides guidelines to a non-discriminatory approach to development, including the provision by State parties of conditions «allowing for sustainable economic and social development compatible with their
cultural characteristics» (18) and
requiring restitution for the deprivation of Indigenous land providing for «the
right to just, fair and prompt compensation [which] should as far as possible take the form of lands and territories».
But governments are
required to ensure that certain human
rights, such as
cultural rights, are not exercised in a manner that violates other fundamental
rights, like:
Article 1 of ICESCR
requires States to protect the
rights of Indigenous people to pursue their economic, social and
cultural development.
Under the principles of equality, Australia is
required to ensure that people have the ability to enjoy the
right to equal participation in
cultural activities without discrimination.
Contrary to human
rights standards which proscribe discrimination and
require protection of
rights of indigenous peoples to practise and revitalise their
cultural traditions [62], the majority's approach apparently dictates a historical search for an actual chain of evolution, under a range of destructive outside influences, to establish a link with «tradition» which may be of little significance to a community, whilst ignoring genuine assertions, or interpretations, of traditional laws and customs by the community itself.
Principles relating to self - determination, non-discrimination, equality before the law and minority group
cultural rights have been interpreted as
requiring governments to work with Indigenous peoples in a fair and open manner.
Further, agreements often deliver little in terms of
cultural heritage protection or environmental management beyond what is already available under general legislation, and often
require traditional owners to surrender their native title
rights and interests.
To the extent that the
right to negotiate protects Indigenous
cultural norms regarding access to their traditional lands, it reflects the substantive equality standard
required at international law.
In its General Comment on article 27 of the ICCPR, the Human
Rights Committee stated «With regard to the exercise of the cultural rights protected under article 27... The enjoyment of those rights may require positive legal measures of protection and measures to ensure the effective participation of members of minority communities in decisions which affect them», General Comment 23 The rights of minorities, 8 April 1994, p
Rights Committee stated «With regard to the exercise of the
cultural rights protected under article 27... The enjoyment of those rights may require positive legal measures of protection and measures to ensure the effective participation of members of minority communities in decisions which affect them», General Comment 23 The rights of minorities, 8 April 1994, p
rights protected under article 27... The enjoyment of those
rights may require positive legal measures of protection and measures to ensure the effective participation of members of minority communities in decisions which affect them», General Comment 23 The rights of minorities, 8 April 1994, p
rights may
require positive legal measures of protection and measures to ensure the effective participation of members of minority communities in decisions which affect them», General Comment 23 The
rights of minorities, 8 April 1994, p
rights of minorities, 8 April 1994, para 7.
In particular, General Comment 23 states, at paragraph 7: «The enjoyment of [
cultural]
rights may
require positive legal measures of protection and measures to ensure the effective participation of members of minority communities in decisions which affect them».
Increasingly, domestic jurisprudence is accepting the international law standard that
requires more than formal equality and recognises the distinctive
cultural rights arising from the unique and enduring relationship Indigenous people have with both land and sea.