Figure 1 from the paper shows
cumulative abnormal returns around corporate social responsibility engagements (click to enlarge):
However, given that
cumulative abnormal returns increase with radicalness during an expansion but decrease with radicalness during a recession, he added, «Banks should time their launch of radical financial innovations to coincide with periods of expansion rather than recessions.»
Cumulative abnormal returns increase with risk in the United States, but they decrease with risk in Western Europe.
Returns were measured as
cumulative abnormal returns — the difference between the actual return and expected return — to stock market prices during the event window.
We find a three - month
cumulative abnormal return of 48.1 %, which far surpasses other target firm abnormal returns in the takeover literature.