Not exact matches
And given the
current cost competitiveness
of natural gas, there is little reason for utilities to include coal in the planning mix for new generation assets, Barnett said.
«In terms
of consumer ownership and use
costs, the case to make a switch from
current fuels to compressed
natural gas (CNG) is much more compelling than for other alternative fuels like ethanol and electricity.»
Further, there are hopes for relatively low -
cost natural gas to revive U.S. industries — from steel to plastics — that could take advantage
of current prices, which by world standards are cheap.
In addition to charging its
current customers $ 3.73 a month for the construction
of this reactor until
costs are recovered Southern received an $ 8.3 - billion loan guarantee from the federal government to help make up the
cost difference compared with building a
natural gas — fired turbine, for example.
When you compare
current electricity and
natural gas prices, the same unit
of energy will
cost you about three times more for electricity so you can expect to pay a little bit more on your utility bill, even with a sizable energy efficiency improvement.
•
Current expectations for a low
cost,
gas - driven electricity economy and significant deployment
of natural gas vehicles could be foregone due to LNG exports.
1 Executive Summary 2 Scope
of the Report 3 The Case for Hydrogen 3.1 The Drive for Clean Energy 3.2 The Uniqueness
of Hydrogen 3.3 Hydrogen's Safety Record 4 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 4.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 4.2 Fuel Cells and Batteries 4.3 Fuel Cell Systems Durability 4.4 Fuel Cell Vehicles 5 Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure 5.1 Hydrogen Station Hardware 5.2 Hydrogen Compression and Storage 5.3 Hydrogen Fueling 5.4 Hydrogen Station Capacity 6 Hydrogen Fueling Station Types 6.1 Retail vs. Non-Retail Stations 6.1.1 Retail Hydrogen Stations 6.1.2 Non-Retail Hydrogen Stations 6.2 Mobile Hydrogen Stations 6.2.1 Honda's Smart Hydrogen Station 6.2.2 Nel Hydrogen's RotoLyzer 6.2.3 Others 7 Hydrogen Fueling Protocols 7.1 SAE J2601 7.2 Related Standards 7.3 Fueling Protocols vs. Vehicle Charging 7.4 SAE J2601 vs. SAE J1772 7.5 Ionic Compression 8 Hydrogen Station Rollout Strategy 8.1 Traditional Approaches 8.2
Current Approach 8.3 Factors Impacting Rollouts 8.4 Production and Distribution Scenarios 8.5 Reliability Issues 9 Sources
of Hydrogen 9.1 Fossil Fuels 9.2 Renewable Sources 10 Methods
of Hydrogen Production 10.1 Production from Non-Renewable Sources 10.1.1 Steam Reforming
of Natural Gas 10.1.2 Coal Gasification 10.2 Production from Renewable Sources 10.2.1 Electrolysis 10.2.2 Biomass Gasification 11 Hydrogen Production Scenarios 11.1 Centralized Hydrogen Production 11.2 On - Site Hydrogen Production 11.2.1 On - site Electrolysis 11.2.2 On - Site Steam Methane Reforming 12 Hydrogen Delivery 12.1 Hydrogen Tube Trailers 12.2 Tanker Trucks 12.3 Pipeline Delivery 12.4 Railcars and Barges 13 Hydrogen Stations
Cost Factors 13.1 Capital Expenditures 13.2 Operating Expenditures 14 Hydrogen Station Deployments 14.1 Asia - Pacific 14.1.1 Japan 14.1.2 Korea 14.1.3 China 14.1.4 Rest
of Asia - Pacific 14.2 Europe, Middle East & Africa (EMEA) 14.2.1 Germany 14.2.2 The U.K. 14.2.3 Nordic Region 14.2.4 Rest
of EMEA 14.3 Americas 14.3.1 U.S. West Coast 14.3.2 U.S. East Coast 14.3.3 Canada 14.3.4 Latin America 15 Selected Vendors 15.1 Air Liquide 15.2 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 15.3 Ballard Power Systems 15.4 FirstElement Fuel Inc. 15.5 FuelCell Energy, Inc. 15.6 Hydrogenics Corporation 15.7 The Linde Group 15.8 Nel Hydrogen 15.9 Nuvera Fuel Cells 15.10 Praxair 15.11 Proton OnSite / SunHydro 15.11.1 Proton Onsite 15.11.2 SunHydro 16 Market Forecasts 16.1 Overview 16.2 Global Hydrogen Station Market 16.2.1 Hydrogen Station Deployments 16.2.2 Hydrogen Stations Capacity 16.2.3 Hydrogen Station
Costs 16.3 Asia - Pacific Hydrogen Station Market 16.3.1 Hydrogen Station Deployments 16.3.2 Hydrogen Stations Capacity 16.3.3 Hydrogen Station
Costs 16.4 Europe, Middle East and Africa 16.4.1 Hydrogen Station Deployments 16.4.2 Hydrogen Station Capacity 16.4.3 Hydrogen Station
Costs 16.5 Americas 16.5.1 Hydrogen Station Deployments 16.5.2 Hydrogen Station Capacity 16.5.3 Hydrogen Station
Costs 17 Conclusions 17.1 Hydrogen as a Fuel 17.2 Rollout
of Fuel Cell Vehicles 17.3 Hydrogen Station Deployments 17.4 Funding Requirements 17.5 Customer Experience 17.6 Other Findings
At
current natural gas prices, these storage facilities have capital and operating
costs of approximately 8 cents / kWh
of electricity produced.
In Sands» estimation, «
natural gas prices would need to almost triple from the
current levels
of less than $ 3.00 / MMBtu for renewables to begin to be competitive on a total
cost per megawatt - hour basis.»
But consider this: if the
cost of PV / electrolytic or cyanobacterial fuel (using environmental CO2) becomes competitive with
current natural gas, an investment in such a plant is completely hedged, in terms
of being «green».
In fact, with
current technology, the
cost of a wind - generated kilowatt hour in the American Midwest is now effectively cheaper than a kilowatt hour generated by
natural gas.
Homes with
natural gas water heating, due to the
current low
cost of natural gas, make it more difficult for solar to be a sound investment.
Current proposals by global warming advocates will likely
cost billions
of dollars and require a wholesale transformation
of the nation's economy and society. Americans could be paying 30 percent more for
natural gas in their homes and even more for electricity.  The
cost of coal could quadruple and crude oil prices could rise by an additional -LSB-...]