We addressed this 2-fold problem by developing the following methods: (1) production of the largest to - date biologically derived single - stranded scaffold using a λ / M13 hybrid virus to produce a 51 466 - nucleotide DNA in a circular, single - stranded form and (2) inexpensive DNA synthesis via an inkjet - printing process on a chip embossed with functionalized micropillars made from
cyclic olefin copolymer.