Sentences with phrase «cyclin d»

Swanton decided to compare his mutated cyclin D to the viral protein in a test tube.

Although the INK4 / CDKN2 class (p15 / p16 / p18 / p19) regulates the eumetazoan - specific CDK4 / 6 - cyclin D kinase and is chordate - specific, the Cip / Kip / CDKN1 class (p21 / p27 / p57) is more general, regulating many CDKs, and seems to have arisen on the eumetazoan stem.

There are as many as 14, but the scientists found that cyclin D adds just a single phosphate at one, and only one, of the 14 locations during the early G1 phase of cell cycle progression, essentially make 14 different versions of the Rb tumor suppressor.

But mutated or dysfunctional Rb is associated with several major cancers and Cyclin D has long been described as an oncogene that promotes cancer because it was believed to inactivate the Rb tumor suppressor function through a process called phosphorylation, which involves phosphate molecules being added to proteins, essentially turning them on or off.

It is critically important to understand how a genetic pathway actually functions and the consequences of interrupting it, especially in this case where there are multiple drug inhibitors of cyclin D being tested in clinical trials for breast cancer.

Cyclin D is synthesized during the first stage of cell replication and is believed to help drive the complex, multi-stage process, including interaction with the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, whose function is to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready to divide.

Not exact matches

Researchers from St. Jude Children's Research Hospital have discovered that inhibiting an enzyme called cyclin - dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) protects mice and rats from noise - or drug - induced hearing loss.

The only thing I know I'm really good at is spotting little things that don't make sense, like that double - stranded RNA thing, or the protein that I saw going away on the original cyclin gel, even though it wasn't what I'd been looking for, and the dogma of the time said that proteins didn't go away.

The overall picture Heinemann and his colleagues have sketched in the Molecular Cell article is a system, in which the metabolic oscillator pulls the cyclin - dependent kinase complex through its cycle and dynamically gate the occurrence of the different cell cycle events.

Among the serine - threonine kinases, p38, Rho - kinase, cyclin - dependent kinases, and Chk1 have been targeted with productive results for inflammation and cancer.

The activation of the oncogenes Cyclin E or Myc, on the other hand, induces the cells to begin replication of their DNA prematurely, without having had time to eliminate all the replication origins present in the genes.

Earlier studies had demonstrated that cyclin D2 is particularly important to the replication of beta cells but had not directly addressed its role in insulin resistance.

Cyclin A2: Increased levels of cyclin A2 have been shown to increase the regenerative capacity of heart tissue, one of an array of proteins that might for the basis for regenerative gene therapies for heart disease, and thus also might be beneficial to undergo far in advance of old age so as to slow or postpone degeneration in the Cyclin A2: Increased levels of cyclin A2 have been shown to increase the regenerative capacity of heart tissue, one of an array of proteins that might for the basis for regenerative gene therapies for heart disease, and thus also might be beneficial to undergo far in advance of old age so as to slow or postpone degeneration in the cyclin A2 have been shown to increase the regenerative capacity of heart tissue, one of an array of proteins that might for the basis for regenerative gene therapies for heart disease, and thus also might be beneficial to undergo far in advance of old age so as to slow or postpone degeneration in the heart.

Glennie et al 134 have shown that T cells stimulated in co-cultures with MSC exhibit an extensive inhibition of cyclin D2 and upregulation of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1.

On one hand, it is an activator of the CDKs involved in early G1 (CDK4 and CDK6 associated to D cyclins), whereas on the other hand, it is an inhibitor of the CDKs involved in the G1 - S transition (CDK2 associated to E and A cyclins).

Researchers from St. Jude Children's Research Hospital have discovered that inhibiting an enzyme called cyclin - dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) protects mice and rats from noise - or dr...

This result was agreed with several previous studies who stated that, Cyclin D1 showed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and had an extensive range of intensities between different sections [22, 23].

Therefore, this work would assess the prognostic role of the Cyclin D1 expression through immunohistochemical stain by Cyclin D1 protein scoring and quantitative value by image analysis (IOD).

The immunohistochemical staining appeared as brown staining granules in the nuclei as positive expression of Cyclin D1, while the nuclei having blue color indicated negative reaction.

Our suggestion was supported by the previous study, who stated that patients with higher Cyclin D1 expression had longer both overall survival and relapse - free survival [26].

SO, they had suggested the inhibition of cyclin Dl / CDK4 activity might be important in considering drugs of future therapies [25], also, they reported that Cyclin D1 was considered as a significant prognostic mcyclin Dl / CDK4 activity might be important in considering drugs of future therapies [25], also, they reported that Cyclin D1 was considered as a significant prognostic mCyclin D1 was considered as a significant prognostic marker.

These findings for scoring expression were agreed with Gillet et al., 1996 [24], who stated in their study that, moderate / strong staining of Cyclin D1 had a longer relapse - free survival than patients whose tumors stained weakly or negatively for Cyclin D1 with a great significant difference (P = 0.007).

Maria Anna Ciemerych began her research with studies focusing at the cell cycle regulation of mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos (Ph.D. at the University of Warsaw), then investigated the role of the cell cycle regulators - D - type cyclins, in mouse development (Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School).

For a good willing, the present study represented the major of malignant cases had expressed moderate / strong staining of Cyclin D1 in 70 % of studied cases.

Immunohistochemical demonstration of Cyclin D1 have become an important mean for assessing cell proliferation, therefore the immunohistological demonstration of cell cycle related antigens such as CDKs which regulated by the different cyclins could provide a good tool for assessment of cellular proliferation [11].

Mouse monoclonal antibodies were used for p21, MCL - 1, BCL - 2 (DakoCytomation), p27, cyclin A (BD Biosciences PharMingen, San Diego, CA), BCL - XL (Zymed, South San Francisco, CA), c - FLIP, hemagglutinin (HA; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and β - actin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO).

(A) Normal case: negative Cyclin D1 - immunostaining in the ductal epithelial cells, (B) Benign case: few nuclei with weak expression of Cyclin D1 of ductal epithelial cell, and negative one in stromal cells, (C) IDC GII case: a strong positive expression of Cyclin D1 in invasive ductal epithelial cells and stroma, (D) IDC GIII case: moderate positive expression of Cyclin D1 in trabeculae malignant cells, and absent in the vesiculated polymorphic nuclei.

Cyclin D1 has been observed in many human tumors and is likely to promote cell proliferation and differentiation by shortening the G1 / S transition.

While during S phase the cell automatically suppresses Cyclin D1 formation because it has the ability to inhibit DNA synthesis which may block the cycle progression and lead to the cell - arrest in this position [9].

Senderowicz AM, Headlee D, Stinson SF, et al: Phase I trial of continuous infusion flavopiridol, a novel cyclin - dependent kinase inhibitor, in patients with refractory neoplasms.

By examining the results of genome - wide association studies (GWAS) in conjunction with experiments on mouse and human red blood cells (RBCs), researchers in the lab of Whitehead Institute Founding Member Harvey Lodish have identified the protein cyclin D3 as regulating the number of cell divisions RBC progenitors undergo, which ultimately affects the resulting size and quantity of RBCs.

Del Sal G, Murphy M, Ruaro E, Lazarevic D, Levine AJ and Schneider C. Cyclin D1 and p21 / waf1 are both involved in p53 growth suppression.

26) Lockwood WW, Stack D, Morris T, Grehan D, O'Keane C, Cumiskey J, Lam WL, Squire JA, Thomas D, O'Sullivan M (2011) Cyclin E1 is amplified and over-expressed in osteosarcoma.

Undifferentiated ES cells are also characterized by elevated levels of transcripts encoding the G1 / S transition - promoting complex cyclin E1: Cdk2 and, by contrast, low levels of transcripts encoding D - type cyclins and Cdk4 / 6 inhibitors of the INK4 family (p15, p16, p18, p19; Figure 7).

Differentiation is associated with a decrease in cyclin E1 and a concomitant elevation in D - type cyclins and cdk inhibitor transcripts [57], [60].

Au - Yeung G, Lang F, Azar WJ, Mitchell C, Jarman KE, Lackovic K, Aziz D, Cullinane C, Pearson RB, Mileshkin L, Rischin D, Karst AM, Drapkin R, Etemadmoghadam D, Bowtell DD.: Selective targeting of Cyclin E1 amplified high grade serous ovarian cancer by cyclin - dependent kinase 2 and AKT inhibCyclin E1 amplified high grade serous ovarian cancer by cyclin - dependent kinase 2 and AKT inhibcyclin - dependent kinase 2 and AKT inhibition.