They are produced using sophisticated flow forming technology, in which the outer rim is rolled out over
a cylinder at high pressure and high temperature.
Not exact matches
Air starts to flow down the runner into the
cylinder until the valve shuts,
at which point all that air (travelling
at high speed) crashes into the shut valve and creates a relatively
high pressure «slug» of air.
There's a new
high -
pressure injection system and the double (for both banks of
cylinders) VANOS variable camshaft timing has also been recalibrated, resulting in a peak engine output of 601bhp produced
at 5500rpm, and peak torque of 590 lb ft arriving
at 1550rpm, the curve remaining as flat as a pint of night club lager until 5500rpm.
The new - technology diesel engines operate quietly and efficiently by injecting the fuel into the
cylinders at ungodly
high pressures through teensy nozzles.
If the system is provided with an OT, well, it's pretty straight from here: a hotter vapour
at a
higher pressure reaches the compressor, and each piston inside each
cylinder, in turn, has to pump that vapour through a small discharge valve on the head's reed plate: that is, the head
pressure increases, the opposite force experienced by the piston during its movement increases and this results in more engine load.
To help with the explanation of the second component, Figure Two shows traces of in -
cylinder pressure (black), port
pressure at the intake valve (light blue) and port
pressure at the exhaust valve (red), taken from a simulation of a
high BMEP engine operating near the optimum tuning point for both intake and exhaust.
No other petrol engine features direct injection
at a
pressure of 200 bar, spray - guided combustion and piezo injectors, all in conjunction with map - controlled
cylinder shut - off, an all - aluminium crankcase with «spectacle» honing, four - valve technology with continuous camshaft adjustment, a
high compression ratio of 12.6: 1, a start / stop system and generator management — while revving to a maximum speed of over 7000 rpm.
In the case of the normally aspirated engine,
at the start of the compression stroke the
cylinder air / fuel volume is very
high, this translates into a low starting
pressure.
High Precision Injection in the new six -
cylinder delivers fuel into the combustion chambers
at a
higher injection
pressure of up to 200 bar over a wide range of running conditions.
With an intake
pressure loss of just 25mb, a level rarely achieved on a production vehicle,
cylinder filling is enhanced
at medium and
high speeds: • New dedicated air filter with a volume of 11.5 L (vs. 6.1 L) using an extra-
high permeability filter cartridge.
Additional engine features: Iron
cylinder block and aluminum DOHC
cylinder head Forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods Oiling circuit that includes a dedicated feed for the turbocharger to provide increased
pressure at the turbo and faster oil delivery Piston - cooling oil jets 16.5:1 compression ratio Common rail direct injection fuel system Ceramic glow plugs for shorter heat - up times and
higher glow temperatures Balance shaft that contributes to smoothness and drives the oil pump Laminated steel oil pan with upper aluminum section that contributes to engine rigidity and quietness B20 bio-diesel capability The Duramax 2.8 L is the cleanest diesel truck engine ever produced by General Motors, and meets some of the toughest U.S. emissions standards, thanks in part to a cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system.
New TSI injectors can push fuel into the
cylinder at a
higher maximum
pressure (250 bar or 3,626 psi), with up to three injection sequences per stroke depending on conditions.
The 4 valves per
cylinder of the Double Over Head Camshaft layout ensures low
pressure drop and super-efficient valve lift for a
higher air filling; thus allowing the engine to make usable power
at low end, mid-range and
high - end rev bands.
Iron
cylinder block and aluminum DOHC
cylinder head Forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods Oiling circuit that includes a dedicated feed for the turbocharger to provide increased
pressure at the turbo and faster oil delivery Piston - cooling oil jets 16.5:1 compression ratio Common rail direct injection fuel system Ceramic glow plugs for shorter heat - up times and
higher glow temperatures Balance shaft that contributes to smoothness and drives the oil pump Laminated steel oil pan with upper aluminum section that contributes to engine rigidity and quietness B20 bio-diesel capability.
The engine features dual overhead camshafts with continuously variable valve timing and increased - authority cam phasing (increased phase rotation angle), a
high -
pressure returnless direct - injection fuel system with camshaft - driven fuel pump delivering 750 psi
at idle and 2250 psi
at full load,
higher - flowing intake and exhaust ports in the
cylinder head, electronic throttle control and pistons with jet - spray oil cooling.
The gas settles into a
pressure gradient with
higher pressure at the bottom and lower
pressure at the top of the
cylinder.
As the
pressure is
higher at the base there will be more gas to silver collisions than
at the top of the
cylinder where the
pressure is lower.