What follows should be regarded as a very rough calculation that relies on several unproven assumptions, including the following: a) that the researchers» hypothesis that the glutamyl -
cysteine bonds are in fact responsible for the glutathione - boosting power of whey protein is true, b) that the total body increase in glutathione was similar to the increase seen in the tissues the researchers measured, and c) that raw, undenatured whey protein produces a similar response in people as it produces in mice.
Raw egg whites contain a similar concentration of the unique glutathione - boosting glutamyl -
cysteine bonds.
These two proteins contain unique glutamyl -
cysteine bonds that resist digestion and enter the blood stream in tact.
Alpha - lactalbumin is the other major whey protein, but it doesn't contain any glutathione - boosting glutamyl -
cysteine bonds.
Not exact matches
Most commonly
bonds are made between two
cysteines to stabilize protein structure, but if a free
cysteine is present, as in G12C K - Ras, a specifically designed drug can form a
bond to the
cysteine.
In a hair strand, the keratin molecules are mainly held together by two forces: chemical cross-links between
cysteines (a type of amino acid) and weaker hydrogen
bonds.
They
bond with a
cysteine amino acid which only occurs in JAK3 — thereby blocking this enzyme but not the other Janus kinases.
These findings suggest that animal cells may have fail - safe mechanisms that prevent the surface expression of improperly folded proteins with unpaired or improperly
bonded cysteine residues.
They carefully chose two spots to mutate so that the
cysteines on opposing chains would covalently join and two of the three chains would be held together by a disulfide
bond.
We and others have reported that FP
cysteine residues form inappropriate disulfide
bonds in the secretory pathway (Figure 1)[4,6 — 8].
Homocysteine and homocystine can attack an exposed disulfide
bond or
cysteine residue, respectively, on proteins to form
cysteine - homocysteine mixed disulfides, which may lead to the functional inactivation of the protein.
Thioester
bonds reversibly with the
cysteine on the peptides to form thioester peptide nucleic acid (tPNA).
This form is cystine and is comprised of two
cysteines joined together by a disulfide
bond.
This
bonded cysteine is also found in human breast milk, and can be replicated with raw cow's milk in the form of undenatured whey protein.
Mainly because it contains a very stable and potent form of
cysteine: covalent
bonded cysteine and not the denatured cystine that can occur in highly processed dairy.
Cysteine, by virtue of its ability to form disulfide
bonds, plays a crucial role in protein structure and in protein - folding pathways.»