Sentences with word «cytosine»

Methylation of cytosine bases is an epigenetic mechanism by which gene expression is regulated.

These «epigenetic» regulatory mechanisms include DNA methylation, the attachment of a small molecule termed a methyl group to cytosine bases that shuts down the action of a gene containing them.

Furthermore, high - resolution analysis of cytosine methylation in primary and transformed cells has found less aberrant methylation of CpG island promoters in transformed cells than had been previously hypothesized based on candidate gene studies [58].

Researchers in the laboratory of GIVI Associate Director Eric Verdin, MD have found that methylation of cytosine in the DNA of infected cells is associated with HIV latency and that inhibition of DNA methylation causes the reactivation of latent HIV.

Comparison of intrathecal chemotherapy for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis of a solid tumor: methotrexate alone versus methotrexate in combination with cytosine arabinoside and hydrocortisone.

In DNA's double helix, adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine with cytosine.

One problem is that although the technique is great at distinguishing adenine from methyladenine, it doesn't quite reach single - base resolution for cytosine and methylcytosine.

The DNMT3A structure that Song's team cracked explains why mammalian DNA methylation predominantly occurs at «CpG dinucleotides» — DNA locations where cytosine nucleotides are next to guanidine nucleotides.

They first transplanted the engineered stem cells to let them find and settle into the tumor site where they secreted enzymes called cytosine deaminase.

The enzyme studied in this report, Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2), enables a change in the molecular structure (oxidation) of methyl groups that is needed for them to be removed from cytosines.

Gimi's team engineered Escherichia coli (E. coli), which was designed to express cytosine deaminase at elevated temperatures under the transcriptional control of a thermo - regulatory promoter cassette.

To explore how the heat would have affected early life forms, the researchers focused on a DNA mutation in which cytosine (one of the four nucleotide bases in the genetic code: «C») turns into thymine («T» in the genetic code).

The CC means the horse has two copies of the DNA base cytosine at a particular place on the myostatin site.

Our first insight came from the characterisation of a mutation that disrupts the silencing property of methylated cytosines.

Compared to the nuclear genome, the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes essentially lack CpG methylation (i.e., the addition of methyl groups to sites in the genome where cytosine and guanine occur side by side).

Vlatka Zoldoš» lab has deposited pdCas9 - DNMT3A - EGFP and pdCas9 - DNMT3A - PuroR for targeted cytosine methylation in mammalian cells.

In recent years, interest in this fifth DNA base has increased by showing that alterations in the methyl - cytosine contribute to the development of many human diseases, including cancer.

Ronggui Hu's lab has created pdCas9 - Tet1 - CD for targeted cytosine demethylation in mammalian cells.

Based on the nucleotide context, the authors suggest that a new mutational mechanism may be at work involving cytosine deamination of single - stranded DNA (presumably during replication).

Vidaza resembles cytosine, a building block of DNA and RNA.

The team looked at methylation, in which a methyl group is placed onto cytosine in DNA sequences.

In the bacterial kingdom, the most prevalent base modifications are in the form of DNA methylations, specifically to adenine and cytosine residuals.

Among Europeans, the excess cytosine to thymine mutations existed in early farmers but not in hunter - gatherers, she reported.

This fluorinated all of the starting cytosine, and the researchers were able to isolate high yields of the resulting flucytosine by recrystallization.

These so - called APOBEC proteins seek out certain combinations of the letters that make up DNA (called bases), and, in DNA of viral origin, chemically convert the base cytosine into the base uracil — a change in the genetic alphabet from C to U that can disrupt a gene.

They then treated the nuclei with a chemical that converts cytosines without methyl groups to the RNA base uracil.

They sequenced the DNA to pinpoint the remaining cytosines, yielding a map of every methyl group.

They subsequently co-encapsulated the cells with magnetic iron oxide in immunoprotective alginate microcapsules and then remotely triggered cytosine deaminase expression by alternating magnetic field - induced hyperthermia.

Their findings are reported in, «Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia induced cytosine deaminase expression in microencapsulated E. coli for enzyme - prodrug therapy,» in Journal of Biotechnology.

(Because red blood cells absorb UV light, the team members refined their technique, developing another compound that is activated not by light but by a shift in pH.) The psoralen molecule adheres to two of the four bases that make up DNA: One end of the molecule grabs cytosine; the other seizes thymine.

All of the cells were allowed to attach for 4 hr before the elongation - device chamber was filled with complete medium containing the mitotic inhibitors [mitotic inhibitor 1 (MI1), 5 μm cytosine β - d - arabinofuranoside (AraC; Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 20 μm 5 - fluoro - 2 ′ - deoxyuridine (5FdU; Sigma), and 20 μm uridine (Sigma)-RSB-.

DNA is made up of only 4 different genetic building blocks called nucleotides, which are named cytosine ©, guanine (G), adenosine (A) and thymidine (T).

A repeating segment of three building blocks of the genetic code Cytosine - Adenosine - Guanine (or more simply, «C - A-G») near the beginning of the HD gene is excessively long in people who develop the disease.

Thanks to this new interdisciplinary pursuit of astrochemistry, the 140 - foot went on to discover formic acid (you know it as insect venom), methanol, acetaldehyde (the chemical responsible for hangovers), and cyanoacetylene (a possible precursor to the DNA acid cytosine).

Since the methylation of cytosine does not alter the DNA sequence, but only influences when and where these proteins are produced, it is considered an epigenetic modification.

Removal of deaminated cytosines and detection of in vivo methylation in ancient DNA.

Age and cytogenetics as predictors of event free survival in patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia receiving high dose cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin as consolidation chemotherapy.

Recently, he has been focusing on the regulation of a family of yeast purine - cytosine permeases, including the transcriptional controls over their expression, and how, after these proteins bind to their cargo, they are targeted by the ubiquitin system for endocytosis and delivery to the vacuole.

We map three cytosine variants and two adenine variants.

We present a framework for mapping cytosine and adenosine methylation with the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION using this nanopore sequencer's ionic current signal.

The biological question that drives our research is how cytosine methylation represses transcription and ultimately impacts phenotypes.

DNA A. adenine T. thymine C. cytosine G. guanine DNA (dē ′ ĕn - ā ′) n.

Adjunct chemotherapy drugs such as cytosine arabinoside (Cytosar - U) and procarbazine (Matulane) may extend the length of GME remission and improve the patient's quality of life.

«When you prepare the cell lysate and [perform] DNA denaturation, it introduces an artifact called cytosine deamination that's due to the elevated temperature [step of the protocol],» says Joyce Peng, global marketing director for Novogene in Chula Vista, California.