In the last several decades, hundreds of published studies examined test anxiety (TA), as researchers and practitioners sought to better understand TA and related constructs and simultaneously develop and test interventions to limit the
debilitating effects of anxiety
on test
performance (e.g., Pintado, Sánchez - Mateos, & Escolar - Llamazares, 2016; von der Embse, Barterian, & Segool, 2013).