Sentences with phrase «decades to centuries long»

But those were decades to centuries long global warmings.

The neutrality assumption is not valid because it ignores the transient, but decades to centuries long, increase in CO2 caused by biofuels.

Not exact matches

The People vs. O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story debuted last week to record ratings for its network, FX, while a documentary that also focuses on the 1995 O.J. Simpson murder trial airs on ESPN this summer, proving that two decades is not long enough to drain the interest of American viewers in the so - called «trial of the century.»

It was only with the construction of a national railway system in the middle decades of the 19th century, using coal rather than muscle as its source of mechanical energy, that transport could achieve advances to parallel those already long achieved in the branches of industry in which cheap and abundant heat energy was the key to rapid expansion.

The decades - long conflict that is currently raging over short - termism and activist hedge funds strikes me as analogous to the Thirty Years» War of the 17th Century, albeit fought with statistics («empirical evidence»), op - eds and journal articles rather than cannon, pike and sword.

CNN: Decades - long fight for Jewish freedom remembered If asked to name the monumental chapters in Jewish history over the past century, people are likely to name the Holocaust or the founding of the state of Israel.

The Cubs no longer have to deal with an ever - growing championship drought that spanned over a century: they are the 2016 World Series champions, and it'll take decades before they can be considered losers again.

Poor little bud was in so much pain, and back then (I say that like it was so long ago, but these days, a decade seems more like a century when it comes to advancements!)

I do not envisage the conversation as an anodyne exercise in collective self - congratulation, but as a UK - wide equivalent and successor to the astonishingly profound and vigorous national conversation that took place during the Scottish referendum campaign in September 2014 — and, for that matter, to the searching, decades - long nineteenth - century conversation about the «Condition of England Question'that I describe in chapter two.

were visionary and the book undoubtedly inspired some individuals who played a central role in 20th - century science, there are no direct links between Schrödinger's lectures and the experiments and theories that were part of the decades - long attempt to crack the genetic code, and historians and participants differ about the significance of Schrödinger's contribution.

This long view, they note, should add urgency to efforts to significantly curb carbon emissions within the next few decades, not gradually across the remainder of the 21st century.

We'd like to know over the long term how the sun responds over decades or over centuries.

«Plastics are very long - lived products that could potentially have service over decades, and yet our main use of these lightweight, inexpensive materials are as single - use items that will go to the garbage dump within a year, where they'll persist for centuries,» Richard Thompson, lead editor of the report, said in an interview.

If we wait any longer, we will lose records of not just the last few decades, but of up to a century or more.»

Months with waters warmer than 85 F have become more frequent in the last several decades compared to a century ago, stressing and in some cases killing corals when temperatures remain high for too long.

That record could help climatologists understand decade - and century - long variations in hurricane patterns and begin to unravel the impact of global warming on storm cycles.

Working under the guidance of molecular anthropologist Ripan Malhi, she hopes to answer questions about phylogeny, biogeography, and island dwarfism among long - tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Southeast Asia by sequencing decades - and even century - old mitochondrial DNA collected from the dried skulls of monkeys in museum collections.

This information is needed in the near - term (from a season to a year) to mitigate risks to society and ecosystems, and in the longer term (from a decade to centuries) for effective adaptation planning.

This is due to the fact that it has the strongest potential to warm the globe in the long - run based on its long lifetime in the atmosphere (ranging from decades to centuries, and a tail end that extends to millennia, and with many climate impacts occurring over these slow timescales).

He draws on his life experiences and stories, on his decades - long reading of influential scholars and visionaries, on era - specific music, movies, and books, and on his university, media, civil society, and United Nations consulting background to write a rousing, engaging and compelling narrative about what humanity faces in the 21st century.

It is long past time to move to the next level of reform and accountability — the extrinsic type — and this is the trend we must and will see over the next several decades in what I believe will be the civil rights revolution of the 21st century, which I think will play out simultaneously on the two tracks I have just mentioned: the delivery system for education and the means by which we prepare and compensate educators, primarily teachers.

Take a look at the Geneva International Motor Show posters showcased throughout the decades to explore just how much the show and its marketing have changed during its century - long history.

But the surprise is that value stocks tend to have about the same returns in the long run as growth stocks, although the growth approach beat value for most of the last decade of the last century.

This is fueled by purists that vigorously argue that any deviation from the original standards is no longer a British (English) bulldog [47], even though the breed has continued to evolve in appearance over centuries and even the last few decades.

Over the following decades, Judd wrote a number of essays on Russian artists, including «Kandinsky and his Citadel,» a review of the exhibition, Vasily Kandinsky, 1866 — 1944: A Retrospective Exhibition, at the Solomon R.Guggenheim Museum in 1963; a review of Kazimir Malevich, an exhibition in 1963 also at the Guggenheim Museum; and in 1981, a long essay «Russian Art in Regard to Myself,» on the importance of Russian art of the early twentieth century for Art Journal.

Over the course of her five - decade - long career, most of which was spent as artist - in - residence with the City of New York Department of Sanitation, Ukeles mapped out a practice that seems to place her somewhere between the late - 20th - century strategy of institutional critique and the current vogue for social - practice art.

The history of art — the history of anything, really — rarely sorts itself into tidy decade - or century - long chunks, yet sometimes events intervene to make it a little easier to organize.

We spoke to «the flower guy» about what street art has to do with 17th - century Dutch still lifes, and how the Internet has transformed the scene over his two - decades - long career.

In addition to a selection of Lynch Fragments spanning the artist's half - century career, Melvin Edwards: Five Decades will also include groundbreaking environmental works in barbed wire, midsize and large - scale sculptures, maquettes reflecting Edwards's long career in public sculpture, rarely seen drawings, and a selection of his sketchbooks.

After a brief return to work at the turn of the century, he took his own life in 2003, ending a decades - long battle with depression and substance abuse.

A century long struggle to gain full control of its natural resources and refining capacities has been punctuated by many events: from the exploits of the Anglo - Persian Oil company (later to be known as British Petroleum or BP), in the early part of last century; to the CIA backed overthrow of the first democratically elected government in the 1950s, after it nationalized the country's oil fields; to the destruction toll of several oil installations during the decade long Iran - Iraq war; to current pressures by large international firms to negotiate contracts for the exploitation rights of oil and gas.

«However, compensation for a different potential source of bias in SST data in the past decade the transition from ship to buoy - derived SSTs, might increase the century - long trends by raising recent SSTs as much as 0.1 °C, as buoy - derived SSTs are biased cool relative to ship measurements»

Sometimes, the near term damage reduction potential from climate action is heavily oversold, when it should be clear that this is a long term issue with virtually all the pay - off of any action today and over the next two decades to be found later this century.

«We show that the climate over the 21st century can and likely will produce periods of a decade or two where the globally averaged surface air temperature shows no trend or even slight cooling in the presence of longer - term warming,» the paper says, adding that, «It is easy to «cherry pick» a period to reinforce a point of view.»

The buildup of long - lived carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, likely peaking in the next few decades, will be affecting climate and coastlines for many centuries to come.

Another aspect to it that really pushes it into our century, or even our decade, is that we are emitting the carbon now and it stays in the atmosphere for a long time and the temperature remains high even longer than the carbon remains high.

The rise in long - lived greenhouse gases (decades to centuries) warms the atmosphere and surface, and that increases the average amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

We know the Earth is warming faster now than it was a century (or five decades ago), so comparing a recent 16 - year span to one that's 50 years long and much older is grossly inappropriate.

Rather, excess CO2 returns toward baseline at a multitude a different rates, with chemical equilibration in the ocean occurring over decades (depending on depth), ocean carbonate buffering through sediment dissolution requiring centuries to millennia, and eventual restoration of carbonate sediment levels by terrestrial weathering occurring over hundreds of thousands of years — a long «tail» that can account for as much as 20 to 40 percent of CO2 excess in the estimates described by David Archer et al in CO2 Atmospheric Lifetimes.

Long - term natural variability has implications for the modeling of future climate changes, on the scale of decades to centuries.

However, if greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase along current trajectories throughout the 21st century, there is an 80 percent likelihood of a decades - long megadrought in the Southwest and Central Plains between the years 2050 and 2099.

Both Judith Curry and Gavin Schmidt have acknowledged that even if Trenberth is right about global warming being sequestered in the deep ocean it doesn't matter because that sequestered heat can not undilute itself to warm the atmosphere quickly — it comes out over a 10x longer period at 1 / 10th the orginal power i.e. what when in at 0.5 W / m2 in a decade comes out at 0.05 W / m2 over a century which is insignificant.

For policy - makers, the speed of climate change over the coming decades matters as much as the total long - term change, since this rate of change will determine whether human societies and natural ecosystems will be able to adapt fast enough to survive.New results indicate a warming rate of about 2.5 C per century over the coming decades (assuming no attempt is made to reduce GHG emissions).

A century of river flow records combined with an additional four to five centuries of tree - ring data show that the droughts over the past two decades were not unusual; longer and more severe droughts are a regular part of the climate variability in that part of the continent.

In addition, there are numerous uncertainties in the climate models themselves, due to the challenge of numerically simulating all relevant aspects of the climate system over long timescales of decades to centuries.

With both a near term economic upside in the coming decade and longer term climate benefits for the coming century, here's to hoping that logic, rather than political brinkmanship, will prevail.

The long - decline of capitalism - as - we - know - it, the new science shows, began some decades ago, and is on track to accelerate well before the end of the 21st century.

I.e. solar activity was high in most of the 20th centiry and then peaked in about 1985, together with a 20 - 30 year heat lag (since it remained high until 1996 as well), and oceans take a few decades to equilbrate, (the same as summer takes about 6 weeks to reach maximum temperature after the summer solstice, and every day it takes a few hours after noon to reach maximum temperature), so the earth has taken a few decades to reach maximum temperature after the long high in solar activity during the 20th century, and will now go down in temperature over the next few decades, with now both a negative PDO, and reduced solar activity.

Interpretation of climate model simulations has emphasized the existence of plateaus or hiatus in the warming for time scales of up to 15 - 17 years; longer periods have not been previously anticipated, and the IPCC AR4 clearly expected a warming of 0.2 C per decade for the early part of the 21st century.

The models make atmospheric CO2 concentration the cause of warming, but fail to account for either the solubility effect of CO2 in water, the intense outgassing in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, or the effects of climatologists» formula for the residence time of atmospheric CO2 (it's quite short - lived (~ 1.5 years), not long - lived (decades to centuries), and its lumpy in the atmosphere, not global).