Sentences with phrase «decades to millennia for»

Reservoir turnover times (a measure of how long the carbon stays in the reservoir) range from a few years for the atmosphere to decades to millennia for the major carbon reservoirs of the land vegetation and soil and the various domains in the ocean.

Not exact matches

Tofu has been such a plant - based staple for decades (not to mention the millennia in which it played a starring role in Asian cuisines) that it's easy to forget that there are still plenty of newbies discovering it all the time.

While CO2 persists in the atmosphere for centuries, or even millennia, methane warms the planet on steroids for a decade or two before decaying to CO2.

1) the atmosphere (which can also be subdivided into northern and southern hemispheres, and even into Hadley Cells) all with fairly short time constants 2) the upper ocean — time constant on the order of years to decades 2a) the biosphere — time scale from 1 year to decades and even centuries and millennia for some processes 3) abyssal ocean (timescale of many decades to ~ a century or more) 5) the geosphere — timescale of millennia to eons.

Once relegated to decorative parts for years and long acknowledged as the wife of Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman spent the latter half of the 1990s and the first decade of the new millennium earning much - deserved critical respect.

It is the motto of the UN International Decade for Action, whose main objective is to promote efforts to meet commitments on water and sanitation: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

The end of the first decade of the new millennium was characterized by strong development around the world, with many nations clamoring for resources and non-cyclical consumer goods, which why the contribution to ROE by sector was led by Consumer Non-Cyclicals, Basic Materials, and Energy.

But to understand game narrative, we must also understand narrative — and this requires us to pay attention to those media that have been experimenting with fictional worlds for millennia rather than just a few decades.

It dates from Anish Kapoor's breakthrough using this medium of hyper - reflective polished steel and was created in a decade that witnessed Kapoor winning the Premio Duemilia Prize for his British Pavilion at the Venice Biennale (1990); winning the Turner Prize (1991); staging a major retrospective at the Hayward Gallery (1998); and becoming a Royal Academician (1999), Untitled is central to the technical and artistic advancement that later led to such highly lauded monumental projects as Cloud Gate of 2004 for Chicago's Millennium Park, and Sky Mirror of 2006 at New York's Rockefeller Center.

Robust science, clear for decades, shows there will be no new «normal» coastline for centuries, actually millenniums, to come, even if greenhouse gas emissions are curbed.

Rather, excess CO2 returns toward baseline at a multitude a different rates, with chemical equilibration in the ocean occurring over decades (depending on depth), ocean carbonate buffering through sediment dissolution requiring centuries to millennia, and eventual restoration of carbonate sediment levels by terrestrial weathering occurring over hundreds of thousands of years — a long «tail» that can account for as much as 20 to 40 percent of CO2 excess in the estimates described by David Archer et al in CO2 Atmospheric Lifetimes.

BTW, the authors continue considering both the LIA and the MWP as valid concepts, contrary to Mann et al. 2) Even though they have little confidence in temperature reconstructions previous to AD 1600 and very little for those previous to AD 900, the authors consider that Mann et al's claim of the last decades being warmer than any such period in the past millennium is nonetheless plausible.

The first is climate inertia — on very many levels, from fossil lock - in emissions (decades), ocean - atmospheric temperature inertia (yet more decades), Earth system temperature inertia (centuries to millennia) to ecological climate impact inertia (impacts becoming worse over time under a constant stress)-- all this to illustrate anthropogenic climate change, although already manifesting itself, is still very much an escalating problem for the future.

Thus even there, a new equilibrium is reached in a few decades (for extra CO2 over current land occupation) to millennia (for ice sheet retraction and plant spread).

The optimistic view: there is still time for us to take bold, decisive actions that will shape our planet for decades (and even millennia) to come... A California resilient to increasing 21st century climate whiplash won't emerge overnight, but we now know enough about our plausible climate future to make informed decisions.»

If Northern Hemisphere temperatures have been in an overall cooling trend for two millennia due to «orbital forcing» (i.e. reduced solar irradiance), then the burden of proof becomes greater on those who attribute the warmth of recent decades to solar variability rather than rising greenhouse gas concentrations.

Taking into account these substantial uncertainties, Mann et al. (1999) concluded that the 1990s were likely to have been the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, of the past millennium for at least the Northern Hemisphere.

The IPCC uses several time constants: the constant for the exchange rate of ~ 8 years, and several time constants for the decay rates in different compartiments, ranging from less than a year (ocean surface) to decades (deep oceans) to centuries and millennia (rock weathering, sedimentation).

See the recent NAS 2011 report on «Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations and Impacts over Decades to Millennia» for example.

A summary made for government officials of its Third Assessment Report (TAR) even used MBH to conclude it likely «the 1990s has been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year of the millennium.»

Were the hypothesis that warming will increase at least 1C / decade averaged over a millennium at 95 % confidence, nineteen times in twenty, given the noise in the signal, all other things being equal, we'd first need 17 years at least to get some kinda sketchy data, and then could begin calculating from the set of subsequent running or independent 17 year spans (a different calculation for each, depending on the PDF) the probability that a -20 C decade would be consistent with a +1 C / decade hypothesis.

«It is exceptionally unlikely that we would be seeing a record year, during a record warm decade, during a multi-decadal period of warmth that appears to be unrivaled over at least the past millennium — if it were not for the rising levels of planet - warming gases produced by fossil fuel burning.»

Additionally, archival M. californianus shells exist due to the cadre of researchers that have studied at Tatoosh Island over the past several decades and also from the Makah tribe who have utilized the island for millennia [14].

While 50 % of the sequestered carbon formed during photosynthesis is respired before sinking into the dark depths, a tremendous pool of dissolved organic carbon has been created that may not be respired for decades, centuries or millennia and slowly contributes to the pool of DIC at various depths and locations (Giorgiou 2002).

From changes over a millennium at least — the cool Pacific state seems likely to persist for a decade or so yet.

Acting like a massive sponge, the oceans pull from the atmosphere heat, carbon dioxide and other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons, oxygen and nitrogen and store them in their depths for decades to centuries and millennia.

It is exceptionally unlikely that we would be seeing a record year, during a record warming decade, during a multi-decadal period of warmth that appears to be unrivaled over at least the past millennium if it were not for the rising of planet - warming gases produced by fossil fuel burning.»

Acting like a massive sponge, the ocean pulls from the atmosphere heat, carbon dioxide, and other gases (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, oxygen, and nitrogen) and stores them in their depths for decades to centuries and millennia.

For their study, Hansen and his colleagues combined ancient paleo - climate data with new satellite readings and an improved model of the climate system to demonstrate that ice sheets can melt at a «non-linear» rate: rather than an incremental melting as Earth's poles inexorably warm, ice sheets might melt at exponential rates, shedding dangerous amounts of mass in a matter of decades, not millennia.

This long - term perspective illustrates that policy decisions made in the next few years to decades will have profound impacts on global climate, ecosystems and human societies — not just for this century, but for the next ten millennia and beyond.

Although I have not seen El Padre and La Madre (the feminine noun still demands the feminine form) used for periods of increased frequency and intensity of ENSO events — it is perhaps not a bad usage if the terms are defined properly as the dominance of one ENSO state over another over decades to millennia.

And as we enter the second decade of the millennium which is on track to be hotter than the last, who will the shriekers turn to for solutions?

Click here to obtain permission for Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia.

For decades, generations, centuries, millennia, since the dawn of the legal profession, attorneys have relied on word - of - mouth referrals to generate new business for their practicFor decades, generations, centuries, millennia, since the dawn of the legal profession, attorneys have relied on word - of - mouth referrals to generate new business for their practicfor their practices.

When lawmakers passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in 1998 to address piracy on the fledgling internet, they had no way of knowing they had laid the foundation for the spread of misinformation and propaganda nearly two decades later.

Despite increased advocacy and research foci on providing EBT's for children over the past two decades, the number of children who go untreated continued to increase over this millennium (CDC, 2013; MHA, 2013; NCCP, 2014; U.S. Census Bureau, 2015).