Sentences with phrase «deep water formation in»

In a version of the model without Drake Passage the temperature distribution is symmetric about the equator, due in large part to the fact that the meridional overturning in the ocean is symmetric about the equator with deep water formation in both hemispheres.

It has been fairly well understood for quite some time that reduced deep water formation in the North Atlantic (due to freshening surface waters) will not plunge Europe into a new Ice Age.

Martinson, D. G. in Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans (eds Chu, P. C. & Gascard, J. C.) 37 — 52 (Elsevier Oceanography Series, 1991).

In RCP2.6, there is a complete recovery of the Atlantic overturning stream function by the year 2500 while with scenario RCP8.5, the E2 - R climate model produces a complete shutdown of deep water formation in the North Atlantic.

Thus it appears that disruption of deep water formation in the North Atlantic, via a blob of colder fresher water coming off of Greenland, would not «shut down» or even affect the Gulf Stream net mass transport at all, but instead would shift its northern return flow southwards, with many severe regional consequences.

For global warming scenarios, additional forcing comes into play: surface warming and enhanced high - latitude precipitation, which will also reduce density of northern surface waters (an effect which alone has shut down deep water formation in some model experiments, e.g. Manabe and Stouffer 1993, 1994).

Not exact matches

The EPA fracking study was commissioned in 2010 by the US Congress and stands as the most comprehensive review of the controversial mining technique, which releases natural gas by injecting a high - pressure mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into rock formations deep below ground.

Fracking, as the technique is known, is the use of chemical - laced water injected deep underground to create fissures in underground rock formations and release natural gas and oil.

Oil and gas companies developing fields in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas and North Dakota rely on a process called hydraulic fracturing, which produces natural gas by blasting water and chemicals into energy - rich rock formations deep underground.

They play an important role in the formation of new sea ice and deep water.

That lid of low - density water shut off the formation of deep water in the Atlantic.

To free the gas trapped in the Marcellus and other shale formations, drillers pump millions of gallons of water mixed with sand and chemicals deep underground under pressure.

This research not only provides the first clear evidence that microorganisms were directly involved in the deposition of Earth's oldest iron formations; it also indicates that large populations of oxygen - producing cyanobacteria were at work in the shallow areas of the ancient oceans, while deeper water still reached by the light (the photic zone) tended to be populated by anoxyenic or micro-aerophilic iron - oxidizing bacteria which formed the iron deposits.

Van Nieuwenhuise said oil producers long have been puzzled about the Wilcox Formation's appearance in the Gulf's deeper waters, hundreds of miles from where it appears onshore.

The thermohaline circulation of the global ocean is controlled in part by freshwater inputs to northern seas that regulate the strength of North Atlantic Deep Water formation by reducing surface seawater density.

By Year 1.1 billion, deep - sea hematite - bearing rock found in the Marble Bar chert formation of northwestern Australia indicates that iron - rich water gushed from volcanically heated seafloor vents were able to mix with cooler oxygen - rich seawater (Ohmoto et al, Nature Geoscience, March 15, 2009; PSU press release, and in EurkaAlert; and Sid Perkins, ScienceNews, April 11, 2009).

In the abyssal realm, seafloor habitats under areas of deep - water formation (e.g., those in the North Atlantic and Southern Oceans) could experience a maximum decline in O2 concentration of 0.03 mL L — 1 by 2100 (i.e., a 0.5 % drop from current levels; Tables 2, 3; Figures 2, 3In the abyssal realm, seafloor habitats under areas of deep - water formation (e.g., those in the North Atlantic and Southern Oceans) could experience a maximum decline in O2 concentration of 0.03 mL L — 1 by 2100 (i.e., a 0.5 % drop from current levels; Tables 2, 3; Figures 2, 3in the North Atlantic and Southern Oceans) could experience a maximum decline in O2 concentration of 0.03 mL L — 1 by 2100 (i.e., a 0.5 % drop from current levels; Tables 2, 3; Figures 2, 3in O2 concentration of 0.03 mL L — 1 by 2100 (i.e., a 0.5 % drop from current levels; Tables 2, 3; Figures 2, 3).

This warming is largely focused on the equatorial and South Atlantic and is driven by a significant reduction in deep - water formation from the Southern Ocean.

For years, perhaps decades, Gray has been ascribing all sorts of climate changes and hurricane cycles to fluctuations in the Thermohaline Circulation (THC), an overturning circulation in the Atlantic ocean associated with formation of deep water in the North Atlantic.

The water is injected under high pressure into a wellbore to fracture deep rock formations in order to release the flow of natural gas and petroleum in a process call hydraulic fracturing.

The Maligne Canyon, a 164 feet (50 metres) deep gorge of sheer limestone walls with a number of interesting rock formations, is very popular with tourists, as is Maligne Lake - the largest glacier - fed body of water in the region.

As sea levels rose during the last Ice Age, the cave flooded and its roof collapsed into this sinkhole resulting in a marine wonder known for its sparkling blue waters, wealth of coral formations, sharks and fish, and deep caves filled with stalactites.

In others, massive coral formations extend into depths with deep - water fish patrolling the plunging walls.

Possible sites include: Bandit Ledge: The gentle hills and ridges of this site support a surprising amount of beautiful cauliflower corals Garden Eel Cove: The slow drop - off ends in a sandy bottom covered with graceful garden eels Anglers: A beautiful archway housing a big family of lionfish High Rock: A massive ridge capped by a pinnacle rising to within 10 feet (approx. 3 meters) of the water's surface Anchor Drag: A maze of canyons, arches small caverns provide enjoyable exploration of the lobsters, crabs, shrimp and puffer fish who live here North Golden Arches: The main attraction is a rock arch with scattered coral heads throughout the area South Golden Arches: A large rock arch with a sandy area, housing numerous marine animals Harlequin: A great spot for a deep dive to see large schools of fish Kaloko Arches: The main attractions here are the unique rock outcroppings and lava formations Turtle Pinnacle: One of best sites to find green sea turtles Eel Cove: Interesting and rapid drop - off for deep diving Thunder Reef: Good spot for viewing deep - water animals West Kaiwi: This dive site is one of the best for observing fish, with lots of coral and a nearby drop - off Please note: This is not an introductory dive.

It seems significant that it is happening simultaneously in both the southern and northern hemispheres, suggesting freshening in deep / bottom water formation zones, which would be slow enough to dampen seasonal effects.

The fact that the hindcasts with their method perform worse than a standard IPCC scenario, the number of failed previous cooling predictions, the negative skill in the Gulf Stream and deep - water formation regions... should these not have cautioned them against going to the media to forecast a pause in global warming?

The model also shows that the presence of seafloor anoxia, as suggested by black - shale deposition in the proto - North Atlantic Ocean before the event, might be the result of the silled shape and lack of deep - water formation of this basin at the Late Cretaceous.

Modelling uncertainty currently is such that in some climate models, this amount of freshwater (without any other forcing) would shut down deep water formation, in some it wouldn't.

A good way to estimate the effect of the thermohaline part of the heat transport is to shut it down by dumping a lot of freshwater into the north Atlantic in a climate model, which stops deep water formation there.

It is enhanced too by the formation of deep water in the polar regions, but slowed by the warming of the surface ocean.

The undetected «threshold» scenario that I posed in # 11 could be more generally characterized as a shift in the thermo - haline circulation (THC) caused by an emergent new source region for deep water formation.

I contend that a likely trigger of the D - O events is the same sort of local break of an instability «cap» which initiates an intense episode of Deep Water formation — either in the North Atlantic or in the Antarctic seas (the latter is more likely the case in today's climate).

Most deep water formation (in today's climate) occurs where fairly saline water is chilled to near freezing.

Why are any changes in (imbalances of) deep water formation so critical?

Conceptually, it's hard to see how the Gulf Stream western boundary current could be weakened by conditions around Greenland; this is a fluid dynamics system, not a mechanical «belt»; a backup due to less deep water formation should have little effect on the physics of the gyre and the formation of the western boundary current, and it also seems the tropical warming and the resulting equator - to - pole heat transport are the drivers — but perhaps modulation by jet stream meandering is playing some role in the cooling?

In particular is there an observed or predicted change in the temperature or volume of mode waters (or rates of deep water formationIn particular is there an observed or predicted change in the temperature or volume of mode waters (or rates of deep water formationin the temperature or volume of mode waters (or rates of deep water formation)?

The retreat of the Arctic sea ice in recent decades is moving the egdge of the sea ice away from the areas of deep water formation and I would have thought that this would contribute to a weakening of amoc south of Greenland.

The blue curve shows an early decrease already in the 19th century, which Thornalley and colleagues attribute to an earlier warming at the end of the so - called «Little Ice Age», when the inflow of meltwater could have slowed the formation of deep water in the Labrador Sea.

This suggests that the associated changes in North Atlantic Deep Water formation and in the large - scale deposition of wind - borne iron in the Southern Ocean had limited impact on CO2.

«Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Record of East Pacific Core V19 - 30: Implications for the Formation of Deep Water in the Late Pleistocene North Atlantic.»

Currents involved in «deep - water formation» are particularly important for climate.

We suggest that changes in the formation rate of North Atlantic Deep Water may have been a significant contributing factor.

The cooler Arctic then promoted formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW in the upper frame of Figure 13) as salty Atlantic waters transported poleward cooled and brine rejection increased as more Arctic sea ice formed.

This vertical circulation is forced by the deep - water formation processes occurring under favorable meteorological conditions in the Gulf of Lions and the northern Adriatic [255], [256].

Extreme scenarios of climate change predict changes in the site of deep - water formation and a weakening of thermohaline circulation, which could result in changes in the oxygenation and biogeochemical cycles in the bottom layers of the deep Mediterranean Sea [148].

This suggests that these oscillations are caused by fluctuations in the formation rate of deep water in the northern Atlantic.

Variability in the formation of North Atlantic deep water will lead to climatic change downwind from the northern North Atlantic; it will also influence other areas of the world ocean.

The relationships between the NAO and deep water production are discussed by R. Dickson, «Observations of DecCen climate variability in convection and water mass formation in the northern hemisphere,» in the CLIVAR Villefranche workshop summary at http://www.dkrz.de/clivar/villesum.html. More generally, see the Climate Research Committee, National Research Council, Natural Climate Variability on Decade - to - Century Time Scales (National Academy Press 1995).

Red shading identifies the clockwise circulation associated with deep water formed in the North Atlantic, which is confined to shallower depths at the LGM; blue shading indicates counter-clockwise circulation associated with bottom - water formation around Antarctica.

If there is deep - water formation in the final steady state as in the present day, the ocean will eventually warm up fairly uniformly by the amount of the global average surface temperature change (Stouffer and Manabe, 2003), which would result in about 0.5 m of thermal expansion per degree celsius of warming, calculated from observed climatology; the EMICs in Figure 10.34 indicate 0.2 to 0.6 m °C — 1 for their final steady state (year 3000) relative to 2000.