Sentences with phrase «deeper upper layer»

Furthermore, a deeper upper layer of warm surface water may weaken the cold tongue if the Ekman pumping doesn't reach down below the thermocline to bring up colder water, and weakened trade winds would have a similar effect through reduced Ekman pumping near the equator.

Furthermore, a deeper upper layer of warm surface water may weaken the cold tongue if the Ekman pumping doesn't reach down below the thermocline to bring up colder water, and weakened trade winds would have a similar effect through reduced Ekman pumping near the equator.

Not exact matches

Most important, the work simulated the movement of dye — not viscous oil — injected in the upper layers of the ocean — not the deep seafloor — for a total of two months — not the ongoing no - end - in - sight disaster.

The weight of the upper layers of the ice sheet causes the deep ice to spread, causing the annual ice layers to become thinner and thinner with depth.

In the Gulf of Finland, the phosphate phosphorus content of the surface layer has increased from last winter due to the phosphate that was released from the seabed and carried to the deep water from the main basin and from the Gulf's own seabed during last spring, summer and early autumn, and then mixed with the upper water layers due to storms.

The CTD sections show that the deeper layers are also warmer and slightly saltier and the observed sea level can be explained by steric expansion over the upper 2000 m. ENSO variability impacts on the northern part of the section, and a simple Sverdrup transport model shows how large - scale changes in the wind forcing, related to the Southern Annular Mode, may contribute to the deeper warming to the south.

Note that Ekman pumping does not penetrate deep into the oceanic interior, but since the trades advect the surface waters westward, the upper layer of warm sea water is deeper in the west than in the east.

Within 3 to 6 miles deep of the volcano is the upper crust layer consisting of cold and hard rocks.

Some heat is being transferred to the deeper ocean by wind changes, reducing the rate of increase in the upper layer, which reduces the warming rate on land.

You make a big deal about «instantaneous», but even mixing in the upper 50 meters is not «instantaneous», so it really boils down to how fast heat gets mixed to deep layers.

What is the problem with the heat first warming the upper layer before it penetrates deeper?

Their argument goes like this: It is not possible that warming of the deep ocean accelerates at the same time as warming of the upper ocean slows down, because the heat must pass through the upper layer to reach the depths.

Second, physically there is absolutely no problem for wind changes to cool the upper ocean at the same time as they warm the deeper layers.

Note that Ekman pumping does not penetrate deep into the oceanic interior, but since the trades advect the surface waters westward, the upper layer of warm sea water is deeper in the west than in the east.

In colder oceans, the separating layer (thermocline) does not form, or only for parts of the year, so phytoplankton at the top receives nutrients from the deeper sea and provides oxygen for the the upper and deeper layers (as well as nutrients, when phytoplankton decomposes).

It's what drives the atmospheric circulation and the ocean currents that mix the upper warm layers of the ocean with the deeper colder layers, and vice versa.

Even assuming that the dataset is comprehensive: Considering that the upper - ocean cooling is seen mainly at 30N and 30S, another explanation for this cooling is increased ocean — to — atmosphere heat transfer in these regions (possibly aided by hurricane - mixing of the upper ocean layer, and advection of deeper cold water as a result).

However, in cooler temperatures, the water vapor in the planet's upper atmosphere blocks the light of specific wavelengths which come from deeper layers towards space.

How can the deeper water be warming if the upper layer isn't?

There is 1.85 2.18 times as much water in the deeper layer (700m — 2,000 m) as the upper layer (0 — 700m).

The rate of OHC uptake and solar are in the same order of magnitude, with an inertial lag, the deeper oceans would continue warming slowly while the upper layer flattens.

The deeper 700m — 2,000 m layer has warmed at the same rate as the upper 0 — 700m layer in the deeper Argo period (measured from Q1 2005).

BBD wrote: «So why isn't the deep ocean cooling as energy is transferred to the upper ocean layer» ---------------------------------------- For the same reason as ice floats

So why isn't the deep ocean cooling as energy is transferred to the upper ocean layer?

While strong observational evidence indicates that tropical deep ‐ layer troposphere warms faster than surface, this study suggests that the AR4 GCMs may exaggerate the increase in static stability between tropical middle and upper troposphere in the last three decades.

The deep waters, being warmer than such surface waters, rise to the surface, as the upper layers sink slowly into the dark ocean depths.

As explained several times before, I'm not suggesting that the deeper water gets warmer than the upper layers.

And nobody knows the exchange rates of CO2 between deep ocean and upper ocean layers.

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation A major current in the Atlantic Ocean, characterized by a northward flow of warm, salty water in the upper layers of the Atlantic, and a southward flow of colder water in the deep Atlantic.

Right: global ocean heat - content (HC) decadal trends (1023 Joules per decade) for the upper ocean (surface to 300 meters) and two deeper ocean layers (300 to 750 meters and 750 meters to the ocean floor), with error bars defined as + / - one standard error x1.86 to be consistent with a 5 % significance level from a one - sided Student t - test.

It's more or less constant or the thermocline between the deep ocean and the upper layer would be moving up or down.

But even there, how much warms the upper layers of the ocean, which are linked to the surface, vs how much penetrates deeper into the ocean where it may not have much immediate influence, is a key issue.

Right: global ocean heat - content (HC) decadal trends (1023 J per decade) for the upper ocean (surface to 300 m) and two deeper ocean layers (300 — 750m and 750 m — bottom), with error bars defined as + / - one standard error x1.86 to be consistent with a 5 % significance level from a one - sided Student t - test.

The upper ocean mixing layer drives «climate» and the deep ocean determines the time constants.

We are in the midst of a hiatus decade where global surface warming has been dampened, the increase of the upper OHC has slowed, but more heat is going into the deeper ocean layers.

They found that during these hiatus decades, less heat accumulates in the upper layers of the ocean, and more accumulates in the deeper layers (Figure 3).

If the ocean rise is a delayed response to past warming, this means that heat previously sunken in deep layers is now moving to upper layers... How might this happen?

back to the horizontal gradient, if the upper tropospheric thermal wind shear increase is greater than the decrease of the lower layer, then maybe the overall baroclinic instability would be stronger — but currently the upper level eddy circulations do not transport much heat poleward, so would the structure of cyclones change so that a deeper layer of air is involved in the thermal advection, compensating for a weaker temperature gradient?

Some skeptics argue that for upper layer warming to cause deep layer warming, intermediate layer warming must occur first.

Also, as I have already asked, how could heating at deeper layers occur without being seen in this upper layer?

For the PDO it is better to see it as deep upwelling cold water spreading westwards through the upper layer, cooling it relative to the deeper layer.

Russ he claims the missing heat is on vacation in the deep ocean where it's usefully hard to measure and even better it seems to have got there by avoiding the upper layers where there are measurements, lucky that!

These authors conclude «While satellite MSU / AMSU observations generally support GCM results with tropical deep ‐ layer tropospheric warming faster than surface, it is evident that the AR4 GCMs exaggerate the increase in static stability between tropical middle and upper troposphere during the last three decades.»