Then, and as a consequence of this, there are native to Cedros herbivores, which on one hand compete with the goat population for food and presumably have kept it from increasing beyond carrying capacity, and on the other hand forced the native plants to keep
their defenses against herbivores, unlike plants on megaherbivoreless islands which tend to lack those defenses.
At each site Meyerson and Cronin measured plant biomass and
defenses against herbivores and quantified insect damage by galling, chewing and sucking (aphids) insects to measure the effects of herbivory on Phragmites fitness.
«But, herbivores can evade plant defenses by using symbiotic bacteria that deceive the plant into perceiving an herbivore threat as microbial, suppressing the plant's
defenses against herbivores.»
Not exact matches
In addition, many of Madagascar's plants have evolved
defenses against large
herbivores, such as spines and multiple leaf shapes that protect young sprouts from browsing tortoises.