These include claims involving birth injuries, missed or
delayed diagnosis of cancer and other
illnesses, as well as surgical and pharmaceutical errors.
The negligence
of pediatricians, such as the misdiagnosis or
delayed diagnosis of a serious condition or
illness, may also result in severe injury or death to a child.
Given their typical age
of onset, a broad range
of mental disorders are increasingly being understood as the result
of aberrations
of developmental processes that normally occur in the adolescent brain.4 — 6 Executive functioning, and its neurobiological substrate, the prefrontal cortex, matures during adolescence.5 The relatively late maturation
of executive functioning is adaptive in most cases, underpinning characteristic adolescent behaviours such as social interaction, risk taking and sensation seeking which promote successful adult development and independence.6 However, in some cases it appears that the
delayed maturation
of prefrontal regulatory regions leads to the development
of mental
illness, with neurobiological studies indicating a broad deficit in executive functioning which precedes and underpins a range
of psychopathology.7 A recent meta - analysis
of neuroimaging studies focusing on a range
of psychotic and non-psychotic mental
illnesses found that grey matter loss in the dorsal anterior cingulate, and left and right insula, was common across
diagnoses.8 In a healthy sample, this study also demonstrated that lower grey matter in these regions was found to be associated with deficits in executive functioning performance.