The term was coined by writer, curator and Los Angeles Times art critic Jules Langsner, along with Peter Selz, in 1959, to describe the work of painters from California, who, in their reaction to the more painterly or gestural forms of Abstract expressionism, adopted a knowingly impersonal paint application and
delineated areas of color with particular sharpness and clarity.
A significant member
of the late 19th - century post-Impressionist movement, Bernard championed cloisonism, the practice
of reducing compositions into
areas of color delineated by strong, black contours.