At paper's discussion, it is stated «we did not find that exposure to maternal depression after birth contributes to this association (maternal
depression during pregnancy with offspring depression in adulthood).
Since after adding the childhood factors there is no statistical correlation of maternal
depression during pregnancy with offspring depression in adulthood anymore, this seems suggestive that maternal depression during pregnancy is more probably a marker of mothers with higher risk of developing depression during offspring childhood and of offering / allowing maladaptive parental behaviour.
Not exact matches
If you have symptoms of
depression during or after a previous
pregnancy, a history of
depression or other mood disorders at another time in your life, or a family member who has been diagnosed
with depression or other mental illness, your risk of PPD is increased.
Northeast Doulas has found that women who connect
with other women
during pregnancy become more confident and are less likely to experience the baby blues or postpartum
depression.
Postpartum Support International offers support services for the mom who is struggling
with depression and anxiety
during pregnancy and the postpartum.
Untreated
depression has been linked to not gaining enough weight
during pregnancy and problems bonding
with a baby after birth.
While many women develop self - esteem issues
during their
pregnancies as their bodies change and they feel clumbsy and fat, some women experience
depression associated
with the aftermath of birth.
Many women struggle
with various levels of
depression both
during their
pregnancies and postpartum.
Eighteen women (1.1 %) were expecting twins; 10.2 % of women reported one or more medical or social risk factor
during pregnancy (high blood pressure, diabetes, problems
with baby's growth, problems
with baby's health,
depression, lack of social support
during pregnancy, or housing difficulties).
If mom is having a hard time
with depression during pregnancy it could continue after the baby comes.
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If you are experiencing
depression during pregnancy or in the postpartum period, it is essential that you remind yourself that you are not to blame for how you are feeling and have done nothing wrong to cause the
depression, that you are not alone because there are a growing number of health care providers who are understanding more about the nature of this disorder and because there are avenues to seek out emotional support, and finally,
with the proper treatment, you will get well.
About half of all women who are eventually diagnosed
with postpartum
depression began experiencing symptoms
during pregnancy.
With the controversy regarding the use of some antidepressants
during pregnancy, many women are interested in other ways to help treat
depression.
«Recent experience
with group therapy has shown promise in treating
depression or anxiety
during pregnancy,
with effects that extend to the wellbeing of both mother and baby.»
But then we discovered something: I struggled more
with depression and feeling connected to my baby both
during and immediately following the
pregnancy when we didn't find out than when we did.
She helped me through enormous challenges
with breastfeeding after my first birth, and was the one who noticed that I wasn't right
during my second
pregnancy, and ultimately got me referred into a Women's Mental Health program, after we realized I had antenatal anxiety and
depression.
According to a study in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, exposure to air fresheners
during pregnancy and within the first six months of a baby's life was associated
with diarrhea and earaches in infants, as well as headaches and
depression in mothers.
Typically, maternal
depression increases
pregnancy risks — such as preterm delivery — and use of SSRIs
during pregnancy were previously associated
with «congenital anomalies, neonatal withdrawal syndrome, and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.»
A high level of anxiety
during pregnancy is linked
with postnatal
depression which in turn is associated
with increased risk of developing
depression later in life.
Writing in 2014 in the European Journal of Neuroscience, Leuner and colleagues reported that in rats
with symptoms of postpartum
depression (induced by stress
during pregnancy, a major risk factor for postpartum
depression in women), nerve cells in the nucleus accumbens atrophied and showed fewer protrusions called dendritic spines — suggesting weaker connections to surrounding nerve cells compared
with healthy rats.
A few epidemiological studies have even found a small correlation between SSRI use
during pregnancy and ASD, but that can largely be explained by other factors, such as the severity of a mother's
depression, says Lars Henning Pedersen, at Aarhus University in Denmark, who has no affiliations
with any antidepressant manufacturers.
«
Depression during pregnancy is associated
with abnormal brain structure in children.»
Eighteen percent of women experience
depression some time
during pregnancy, and both perinatal and postpartum
depression have been associated
with negative outcomes in children.
Depression in women
during pregnancy is known to be associated
with low birth weight and increased risk of premature birth.
Further, the research on the link between nutrient depletion
during pregnancy and lactation and postpartum
depression has shown that nutrient depletion can affect the production of key mood - regulating neurotransmitters, like serotonin, and that lower levels of folate, vitamin D, iron, selenium, zinc, fats, and fatty acids have all been associated
with a higher risk of PPD.
A covariate was included in the multivariate analyses if theoretical or empirical evidence supported its role as a risk factor for obesity, if it was a significant predictor of obesity in univariate regression models, or if including it in the full multivariate model led to a 5 % or greater change in the OR.48 Model 1 includes maternal IPV exposure, race / ethnicity (black, white, Hispanic, other / unknown), child sex (male, female), maternal age (20 - 25, 26 - 28, 29 - 33, 34 - 50 years), maternal education (less than high school, high school graduation, beyond high school), maternal nativity (US born, yes or no), child age in months, relationship
with father (yes or no), maternal smoking
during pregnancy (yes or no), maternal
depression (as measured by a CIDI - SF cutoff score ≥ 0.5), maternal BMI (normal / underweight, overweight, obese), low birth weight (< 2500 g, ≥ 2500 g), whether the child takes a bottle to bed at age 3 years (yes or no), and average hours of child television viewing per day at age 3 years (< 2 h / d, ≥ 2 h / d).
Previous studies have indicated that the following covariates, had been assessed in the HBC Study, are associated
with early infantile aggression (Alink et al., 2006; Hay, Mundy et al., 2011; Tremblay et al., 2004): (a) maternal age, (b) paternal age, (c) maternal years of education, (d) paternal years of education, (e) marital status of the mother
during early
pregnancy, (f) annual household income, (g) maternal history of
depression and / or anxiety disorders, and (h) infant gender.
Perinatal
depression is a major / minor depressive disorder
with an episode occurring
during pregnancy or within the first year after birth of a child.
Higher stress exposure and perceived stress
during pregnancy have been linked to GDM and / or higher glucose levels in women.43 — 45 Psychological stress and negative life events can be associated
with higher salivary cortisol levels
during pregnancy, which might relate to higher glucose levels.46 Higher
depression scores early in
pregnancy also increase the risk for GDM.9 47 On the other hand, social support has been shown to be protective regarding mental health and
depression in particular.9 48 49
Dr. Grelling helps women who are dealing
with anxiety and / or
depression during pregnancy, the postpartum period, and throughout motherhood.
Dr. Salisbury discusses research in which in utero exposure to maternal
depression (
with and without pharmacological treatment) was found to have some apparent influence on infants» postnatal behavioral outcomes at one month following birth, reinforcing the importance of focusing on remission of maternal
depression symptoms
during pregnancy.
All studies that explored parental
depression showed this to be significantly elevated in mothers
with BPD, compared
with a range of control groups.13 — 16 Feldman et al17 noted higher drug and alcohol abuse in parents
with BPD (present in 88 %), and White et al18 noted that their sample of parents
with BPD used more alcohol
during pregnancy.
Perinatal
depression in mothers, defined as
depression occurring
during pregnancy or postpartum, is of concern for all who are involved
with such families.
During pregnancy, rates of major depressive episodes, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM - IV), range from 10 - 17 % 1 - 3
with significant variability among estimates.4 Additionally, one meta - analysis estimated that postpartum major or minor
depression occurs in as many as 19.2 % of women
with the more narrowly defined major
depression estimated to occur in 7.1 % of new mothers.4 Antenatal
depression occurs in similar rates as in the postpartum period, rates which are not significantly different from rates in non-pregnant or postpartum women.
Postpartum
Depression — a type of Depressive Disorder associated
with onset
during pregnancy or within 4 weeks of delivery.
Because not all children
with depressed mothers show later problems, research must also examine risk and protective factors that are associated
with different patterns of early child development and adjustment.4, 5 For example, are children whose mothers have a family history of
depression or who were depressed before or
during pregnancy at especially high risk for adjustment difficulties?
I treat women
during pregnancy and postpartum who are experiencing
depression and anxiety to make a full recovery and return to a happy, healthy life
with their new baby.
Her paper «Postpartum
Depression: Its Impact on Couples and Marital Satisfaction» is published in the Journal of Systemic Therapies and her paper on PTSD
during Pregnancy, co-authored
with international researcher Dr. Cheryl Beck, is published in the Annals.
Screening and treatment for
depression should begin
during pregnancy, because as many as 50 % of women
with postpartum
depression report symptoms of
depression before parturition.50 Health care professionals who provide obstetric care, ie, family physicians and obstetricians, have an obligation to treat pregnant women
with depressive symptoms and / or to refer them to mental health care providers.
This cutoff point corresponds to 80th percentile scores for community samples and has a 95 % sensitivity for diagnosing major depressive disorder (MDD) among low - income women, although the specificity and positive predictive value for MDD are low (70 % and 0.28, respectively).29, 30 The cutoff point of 16 has been used by many investigators assessing depressive symptoms in a variety of cohorts, including pregnant women.28 — 33 When studying depressive symptoms
during pregnancy, some investigators chose to use a higher CES - D cutoff point (eg, the 90th percentile) to account for the possibility that symptoms of normal
pregnancy may overlap
with symptoms of
depression.9, 18 There is no evidence that this approach is more accurate or preferable to using the cutoff point of 16, and the use of higher cutoff points increases specificity but decreases sensitivity for MDD.28 We used a consistent cutoff point of 16 to define depressive symptoms before and after parturition.
Plant and colleagues, in a very interesting and elegant study (1), found that maternal
depression during pregnancy was associated
with: offspring
depression in adulthood (OR 3.4), maternal
depression during offspring's childhood (OR 4.8), and
with offspring exposure to child maltreatment (OR 2.4).
Depression during pregnancy is associated
with inadequate prenatal care, poor nutrition, higher preterm birth, low birth weight, pre-eclampsia, spontaneous abortion, substance abuse and dangerous risk - taking behaviour.
In order to assess the unique contribution of the level of relationship satisfaction, multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed
with the following independent control variables: stressful life events, maternal age, level of education, income, marital status, social support, breastfeeding, smoking
during pregnancy, maternal
depression and the sex of the offspring.
More frequent sibling bullying was associated
with lower social class and
with higher levels of maternal
depression during pregnancy.