Additionally, week - to - week fluctuations in OCD severity did not significantly predict weekly changes in
depressive symptom severity.
In the current study, the range of
depressive symptom severity was restricted to moderate to high levels.
The association between physical victimization and
depressive symptom severity in the current sample of depressed patients was not statistically significant for either men or women.
Level of baseline
depressive symptom severity did not moderate these relationships.
Our finding that the severity of depressive symptoms in our sample of patients with chronic pain was best correlated with a combination of heightened catastrophising, reduced sense of control over life, increased physical disability, lower pain self - efficacy beliefs, higher use of unhelpful self - management strategies, and lower perceived social support (after controlling for the possible effects of age, sex and duration of pain) is consistent with previous studies of patients with chronic pain.26 Interestingly, and somewhat contrary to clinical expectations, pain severity, pain - related distress, and fear of movement / (re) injury were not significantly associated with
depressive symptom severity.
A recent longitudinal study found that psychological victimization, rather than physical victimization, predicted
depressive symptom severity (Lawrence et al. 2009).
Absence of a significant association between physical victimization and
depressive symptom severity in the current study might be related to the non-severe nature of victimization (Johnson 1995, 2008).
This gives a range of scores from 0 to 56 with higher scores representing higher
depressive symptom severity.
Results indicate PTSD as well as
depressive symptom severity scores declined in the NET group, whereas symptoms persisted in the WLC group.
Despite a reduction of 50 % in
depressive symptom severity by 16 weeks, there were no significant improvements in neuropsychological functioning in the depressed group once practice effects (benchmarked against the control group) were taken into account.
Results show that despite a significant improvement in
depressive symptom severity, there were no significant improvements in neuropsychological functioning in both treatment modalities.
Anhedonia and depressed mood (clinical or patient assessed),
depressive symptoms severity (BDI score < 5 vs ≥ 10), major depressive episodes (MDEs).
Not exact matches
Bariatric surgery was, however, consistently associated with postoperative decreases in the prevalence of depression (7 studies; 8 percent - 74 percent decrease) and the
severity of
depressive symptoms (6 studies; 40 percent - 70 percent decrease).
By contrast, patient age,
severity of illness, ICU or hospital length of stay, and duration of sedation were not associated with
depressive symptoms.
In addition, the study found that impairments in executive functioning and language ability in particular predicted the
severity of
depressive symptoms after 12 months.
The
severity and duration of the sad feelings, as well as the presence of other
symptoms, are factors that distinguish ordinary sadness from a
depressive disorder.
One study found that ACT significantly decreased the
severity of
depressive symptoms for veterans with depression and suicidal thoughts (Walser, Garvert, Karlin, Trockel, Ryu, & Taylor, 2015).
At both baseline and follow - up there was a high rate of
depressive symptoms with one third of the group scoring 14 or more on the Beck Depression Inventory (a questionnaire designed to measure
severity of
depressive symptoms).
Included studies used several tools for measuring the
severity of
depressive symptoms, namely the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM - D), 21 22 30 34 35 Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ - 9), 24 36 Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), 23 26 28 Hopkins
Symptom Checklist - 20 (HSCL - 20), 37 38 Montgomery - Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), 18 25 27 Beck Depression Inventory - Fast Screen (BDI - FS) 39 and Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES - D).40 These tools have different score ranges (HAM - D = 0 — 53, PHQ - 9 = 0 — 27, GDS = 0 — 15, HSCL - 20 = 0 — 4, MADRS = 0 — 60, BDI - FS = 0 — 21 and CES - D = 0 — 60), with higher scores in all tools representing increasing
severity of
depressive symptoms.
The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression — 17 - Item42 was used to evaluate the
severity of
depressive symptoms.
After controlling for the child's age and sex and adjusting for baseline
severity of child and maternal
symptoms, there was a significantly larger decrease in internalizing (adjusted mean score difference, 8.6; P <.001), externalizing (6.6; P =.004), and total (8.7; P <.001)
symptoms among children of mothers who had a remission from major
depressive disorder over the 3 - month period than among children of mothers whose major
depressive disorder did not remit (Table 4).
The mother's initial diagnosis was established by clinical interview and confirmed using a
symptom checklist based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM - IV).13 The
severity of
depressive symptoms was estimated using the HRSD.15, 16 Maternal remission was defined as an HRSD score of 7 or less, and response was defined as a 50 % or greater reduction of the baseline HRSD score.
Secondary outcomes were patient cognitive function,
depressive symptoms, psychiatric
symptoms and behavioural disturbances, and overall
severity of dementia.
One of the oldest and most frequently used screening questionnaires to measure the
severity of and change in
depressive symptoms among adults in an inpatient setting.
While affective
symptom severity levels are anchored to the diagnostic thresholds for all
depressive and manic conditions, including MDE, minor
depressive / dysthymic disorder, mania, and hypomania, weekly levels were assigned regardless of whether the patient was in an RDC - defined episode.
The RADS - 2 (30 items) is a self - report measure used to assess the current
severity of
depressive symptoms in adolescents of ages 11 — 20 years.
In patients with angiographically - documented coronary artery disease and co-morbid depression, dietary supplementation with EPA - rich fish oil over six months will influence the
severity of
depressive symptoms.
AAI, Adult Attachment Interview; AFFEX, System for Identifying Affect Expression by Holistic Judgement; AIM, Affect Intensity Measure; AMBIANCE, Atypical Maternal Behaviour Instrument for Assessment and Classification; ASCT, Attachment Story Completion Task; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BEST, Borderline Evaluation of
Severity over Time; BPD, borderline personality disorder; BPVS - II, British Picture Vocabulary Scale II; CASQ, Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire; CBCL, Child Behaviour Checklist; CDAS - R, Children's Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale - Revised; CDEQ, Children's
Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; CDIB, Child Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines; CGAS, Child Global Assessment Schedule; CRSQ, Children's Response Style Questionnaire; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; DASS, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; DIB - R, Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; EA, Emotional Availability Scales; ECRS, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale; EMBU, Swedish acronym for Own Memories Concerning Upbringing; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; FES, Family Environment Scale; FSS, Family Satisfaction Scale; FTRI, Family Trauma and Resilience Interview; IBQ - R, Infant Behaviour Questionnaire, Revised; IPPA, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment; K - SADS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School - Age Children; KSADS - E, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Episodic Version; MMD, major depressive disorder; PACOTIS, Parental Cognitions and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale; PPQ, Perceived Parenting Quality Questionnaire; PD, personality disorder; PPVT - III, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition; PSI - SF, Parenting Stress Index Short Form; RSSC, Reassurance - Seeking Scale for Children; SCID - II, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM - IV; SCL -90-R, Symptom Checklist 90 Revised; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire; SEQ, Children's Self - Esteem Questionnaire; SIDP - IV, Structured Interview for DSM - IV Personality; SPPA, Self - Perception Profile for Adolescents; SSAGA, Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism; TCI, Temperament and Character Inventory; YCS, Youth Chronic Stress Interview; YSR, Youth Self
Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; CDIB, Child Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines; CGAS, Child Global Assessment Schedule; CRSQ, Children's Response Style Questionnaire; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; DASS, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; DIB - R, Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; EA, Emotional Availability Scales; ECRS, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale; EMBU, Swedish acronym for Own Memories Concerning Upbringing; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; FES, Family Environment Scale; FSS, Family Satisfaction Scale; FTRI, Family Trauma and Resilience Interview; IBQ - R, Infant Behaviour Questionnaire, Revised; IPPA, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment; K - SADS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School - Age Children; KSADS - E, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Episodic Version; MMD, major
depressive disorder; PACOTIS, Parental Cognitions and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale; PPQ, Perceived Parenting Quality Questionnaire; PD, personality disorder; PPVT - III, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition; PSI - SF, Parenting Stress Index Short Form; RSSC, Reassurance - Seeking Scale for Children; SCID - II, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM - IV; SCL -90-R, Symptom Checklist 90 Revised; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire; SEQ, Children's Self - Esteem Questionnaire; SIDP - IV, Structured Interview for DSM - IV Personality; SPPA, Self - Perception Profile for Adolescents; SSAGA, Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism; TCI, Temperament and Character Inventory; YCS, Youth Chronic Stress Interview; YSR, Youth Self
depressive disorder; PACOTIS, Parental Cognitions and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale; PPQ, Perceived Parenting Quality Questionnaire; PD, personality disorder; PPVT - III, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition; PSI - SF, Parenting Stress Index Short Form; RSSC, Reassurance - Seeking Scale for Children; SCID - II, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM - IV; SCL -90-R,
Symptom Checklist 90 Revised; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire; SEQ, Children's Self - Esteem Questionnaire; SIDP - IV, Structured Interview for DSM - IV Personality; SPPA, Self - Perception Profile for Adolescents; SSAGA, Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism; TCI, Temperament and Character Inventory; YCS, Youth Chronic Stress Interview; YSR, Youth Self - Report.
Both latent variable models supported the internal construct validity of a single underlying continuum of
severity of
depressive symptoms.
Subgroup analyses showed significant differences for continent of residence and depression
severity (ie,
depressive symptoms or a clinical diagnosis depression).
The questions measured the quantitative aspects of depression and the
severity of
depressive symptoms regarding the most common characteristics of patients with depression observed in clinical practice (M.K.).
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI): It was developed in order to assess the risk of depression and the level and
severity of
depressive symptoms [14].
Also of interest was that preschoolers who had recovered from MDD still had higher MDD
severity scores than controls with psychiatric disorders and no disorders, suggesting that a relatively high number of residual
depressive symptoms were still manifest even during periods of recovery.
The researchers conclude that gender had minimal if any impact on depression
severity estimates although gender differences in
depressive symptoms and
severity were more distinctive in bipolar depression patients [7].
Results indicate that IPT resulted in significant improvement in
depressive symptoms relative to the WLC based on (1) the absolute reduction in
symptom levels as measured by the HRSD and the BDI; (2) the proportion of women who responded to treatment reduction in
symptom severity as measured by the HRSD and the BDI); (3) the proportion of women who met HRSD and BDI criteria for recovery; and (4) the proportion of women who no longer met DSM - IV criteria for major depression.
This will reduce the
severity of both manic and
depressive symptoms.
Primary outcomes were the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) 25,26 for PTSD
symptoms and the
Symptom Checklist Depression Scale (SCL - 20) for
depressive symptoms.27 The PDS (17 items) assesses
severity of PTSD
symptoms over the prior 4 weeks with high internal consistency and test - retest reliability26; scores are summed and range from 0 to 51; scores of 10 or less are mild; 11 to 20, moderate; 21 to 35, moderate to severe; and at least 36, severe.
Chronicity,
severity, and timing of maternal
depressive symptoms: relationships with child outcomes at age 5.
(3) Does total and / or non-anxious comorbidity predict Reliable Change in non-anxiety
symptoms (self - reported
depressive symptoms and parent - reported externalizing
symptoms) above and beyond overall
severity?
Conversely,
severity predicted greater Reliable Change in parent reported internalizing and externalizing
symptoms, and child reported
depressive symptoms.
Conclusions: In patients with chronic pain,
depressive symptoms are correlated more strongly with cognitive variables than pain
severity and pain distress, while physical disability is correlated more strongly with cognitive, behavioural and pain variables than
depressive symptoms.
Obsessive — compulsive
severity was measured using the Children's Yale - Brown Obsessive — Compulsive Scale, and
depressive symptoms were rated using the Children's Depression Rating Scale - Revised.
Regression analyses indicated that, above and beyond demographic characteristics, ADHD
symptom severity, and initial levels of comorbidity, sleep problems significantly predicted greater ODD
symptoms, general externalizing behavior problems, and
depressive symptoms 1 year later.
Our finding that the
severity of
depressive symptoms was a significant but relatively smaller contributor to physical disability in this sample (after controlling for the possible effects of age, sex and duration of pain) is consistent with findings of some previous studies of patients with chronic pain, but not with some treatment studies, which found that depression level contributed to less significant improvement in pain - related disability.11, 27 It is not surprising that cognitive, pain and behavioural variables accounted for more physical disability than
depressive symptoms but it is notable that social support (as measured by the MPI), sense of control over life, and catastrophising did not significantly contribute to physical disability.
Maternal Depression and Youth Internalizing and Externalizing Symptomatology:
Severity and Chronicity of Past Maternal Depression and Current Maternal
Depressive Symptoms.
Severity of
depressive symptoms: the depression subscale of the DASS.15 The depression subscale does not include somatic items, and is therefore less likely to be artificially inflated in a chronic pain setting.
After controlling for these variables, the order in which variables significantly correlated with physical disability (RMDQ scores) were: fear of movement / (re) injury, pain self - efficacy, pain
severity, use of unhelpful management strategies and, finally,
depressive symptoms.
The range of variables entered into both sets of multiple regression analyses were subscales of the MPI (pain
severity, life control, support), physical disability (measured by the RMDQ),
depressive symptoms (measured by the DASS), pain self - efficacy (measured by the PSEQ), catastrophising (measured by the PRSS), fear of movement / (re) injury (measured by the TSK), pain distress in the past week, and use of unhelpful self - management strategies (measured by the PSMC).
The Pearson's correlation between measures of prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores was 0.600 (r = 0.600; p < 0.001, df = 201), however the
severity of maternal
depressive symptoms was significantly greater during pregnancy than at early postnatal period (t = 3.587, df = 200, p = 0.000).
These findings remained unchanged even after additionally controlling for the
severity of maternal
depressive symptoms averaged across pregnancy and early postnatal period, monthly household income, and sleep condition during the EEG recording.