Reviewing the evidence at Polkinghorne's birthday conference at Oxford last July, Russell concluded that the best place to seek scientific support for God is in quantum mechanics, the physical laws
describing the subatomic realm.
The hold of substantialist metaphysics was so strong that, when the substantialist concepts failed to
describe the subatomic entities, most scientists inclined to the view that no conceptual grasp is possible.
Devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1925,
it describes subatomic particles and how they may display wavelike properties such as interference.
Paul Dirac developed a theory that combined quantum mechanics, used to
describe the subatomic world, with Einstein's special relativity, which says nothing travels faster than light.
Not exact matches
And yet, many decades later, quaternions were put to use to
describe properties of
subatomic particles such as the spin of electrons as well as the relation between neutrons and protons.
The very notion of a «field», such as the Higgs field, is a mathematical and physical model
describing the interrelationship of matter at the
subatomic level, what Holloway would have called an «equational» relationship since in this vision (that espoused by Faith movement) the cosmos is a vast, ordered equation.
To do so would require not only
describing all its constituent parts, down to its
subatomic particles, but also its relationships to all other things, that is, its relationship to the whole cosmos.
We have a pretty darn good mathematical model and theory that
describes the behavior electrons in elemental atoms and other
subatomic particles in nature.
The analysis of the
subatomic entities leads to quanta of energy that are much better
described as energy - events than as substances.
The other is quantum mechanics, which
describes what happens at the atomic and
subatomic scale.
The theory that
describes it, general relativity, assumes that space and time are smooth and continuous, whereas the underlying quantum physics that governs
subatomic particles and forces is inherently discontinuous and jumpy.
With great precision, it
describes all known matter — all the
subatomic particles such as quarks and leptons — as well as the forces by which those particles interact with one another.
With the discovery of the Higgs boson, the last missing piece, the SM of particle physics now accounts for all known
subatomic particles and correctly
describes their interactions.
That fact suggests something is wrong with Standard Model equations
describing symmetry between
subatomic particles and their antiparticles.
The new research analyzes the plasma surrounding the pulsar by coupling Einstein's theory of relativity with quantum mechanics, which
describes the motion of
subatomic particles such as the atomic nuclei — or ions — and electrons in plasma.
What would classical chaos, which lurks everywhere in our world, do to quantum mechanics, the theory
describing the atomic and
subatomic worlds?
Such fuzziness brings us back to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which
describes how measuring the location of a
subatomic particle inherently blurs its momentum and vice versa.
Although this statement seems absurd, it
describes a very real behavior that
subatomic particles exhibit.
Currently, the universe we live in obeys two seemingly incompatible laws — quantum mechanics, which governs the behavior of
subatomic particles; and relativity, which
describes how clumps of atoms, such as humans, stars and galaxies, behave.
So the very existence of matter suggests something is wrong with Standard Model equations
describing symmetry between
subatomic particles and their antiparticles.
The Schrödinger Equation is the foundation of quantum mechanics: It
describes the non-intuitive behavior of systems at atomic and
subatomic scales.
The discovery of the Higgs boson represents the final piece of the puzzle in the Standard Model of particle physics, a theory that
describes how three of the four fundamental forces — electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear forces — interact at the
subatomic level (but does not include gravity).