Sentences with phrase «descriptive norm»

General alcohol use (lifetime and current drinking), social factors (peer susceptibility, social norms, estimated descriptive norm), alcohol - related cognitions (drinking motives, drink refusal self - efficacy, alcohol expectancies) and use of other (psychotropic) substances including cigarettes, marijuana and other drugs.

In contrast, scientific consensus is expressed in the form of a descriptive norm, or the collective judgment of a group of influential individuals (experts).

At the launch of the New South Wales Premier's Reading Challenge 2009, parents in Grade 1 classes in two primary schools in Sydney received descriptive norm information that the majority of other families participated in the reading challenge for Grade 1.

Based upon the widely accepted idea that individuals are influenced by observing or learning about the behaviour of others, parents were provided with a descriptive norm message.

The second element, subjective norms, also consists of two aspects: injunctive norms and descriptive norms.

Both boys» own deviant talk and that of their friend was related to perceiving more friends to be sexually experienced, whereas for girls actor and partner effects on perceived descriptive norms were not significant.

Four types of sexual peer norms were assessed: descriptive norms, injunctive norms, peer pressure, and risk norms.

Both boys» own normative reinforcement and that of their friend was related to perceiving fewer friends to be sexually experienced, whereas for girls there were no significant actor or partner effects on perceived descriptive norms.

For boys, friends» normative talk was related to perceiving fewer friends to be sexually experienced, whereas for girls there was no significant partner effect on perceived descriptive norms.

Participants also completed individual questionnaires to assess their perceived sexual descriptive norms, injunctive norms, pressure, and risk norms among their peers.

The final model, where actor and partner effects were freely estimated for boys and girls, explained 21 % of the variance in boys» perceived descriptive norms (R 2 =.21, p =.037), but explained no significant variance for girls (R 2 =.00, p =.899).

Both boys» and girls» own normative talk was not significantly related to their perceived descriptive norms.

Notably, at the age of the current study sample sexual behavior can be considered normative (De Graaf et al., 2012; Tolman & McClelland, 2011), and thus perceiving friends as sexually active (i.e., descriptive norms) or as approving thereof (i.e., injunctive norms) would not necessarily be problematic at this age.

The final model, where actor effects were constrained and partner effects were freely estimated, explained 21 % of the variance in boys» perceived descriptive norms (R 2 =.21, p =.002), but explained no significant variance for girls (R 2 =.03, p =.314).

Not exact matches

As previously indicated, it took considerable time for the development of the concept of a descriptive sociology of religion, implying that the establishment of norms was the concern of the theologian, philosopher, and social theoretician.

That is, consensus is a powerful descriptive social fact: it tells us about the number of people who agree on important issues (i.e., the norm within a community).

Descriptive and injunctive social norm overestimation in hooking up and their role as predictors of hook - up activity in a college student sample.

An American study that was conducted among 316 adolescents between the ages of 14 — 16 years showed that girls, but not boys, who communicated more frequently with friends about sex experienced more pressure (a combination of descriptive and injunctive norms) to have sex (Busse, Fishbein, Bleakley, & Hennessy, 2010).

Hence, the goal of the current study was to investigate the relation between the amounts of normativity and deviance during sexual communication among the16 — 21 - year - old friendship dyads and individual dyad members» perceptions of four types of sexual peer norms (i.e., descriptive, injunctive, and risk norms, and peer pressure).

First, the results of the APIM (Olsen & Kenny, 2006) analyses showed that the amounts of normativity and deviance during sexual communication with friends were indeed related to perceived descriptive, injunctive, and risky sexual peer norms.

Second, APIM results revealed that perceptions of descriptive and injunctive norms were both related to the amounts of adolescents» and young adults» own normativity and deviance (actor effects), as well as to their friends» normativity and deviance (partner effects) during the observed peer interactions.

The fact that we found a diverging gendered pattern in comparison with the study of Busse et al. (2010), who found that for girls, but not for boys, more frequent sexual communication with friends was associated with perceiving more pressure (i.e., a combination of descriptive and injunctive norms) to have sex, emphasizes the importance of making a distinction between the different types of sexual peer norms, as well as between how often youths talk about sexuality - related topics with their friends, and the way in which they talk about such topics (i.e., how normatively or deviantly).

Gender differences in the APIMs indicated that interactive normativity and deviance was related to perceived descriptive, injunctive, and risk norms for boys, but only to perceived injunctive norms for girls.

It is noteworthy that the hypothesized associations between the amounts of observed normativity and deviance and perceived descriptive and injunctive norms were found among the current study sample of 16 — 21 - year - old adolescents and young adults.